Abstract:Potential blooms and red tide in river and sea may be caused by coastal aquaculture wastewater inestuarine and coastal areas. In this study, a type of ecological and efficient constructed wetlands was launched to purify coastal aquaculture wastewater. Optimal salt tolerant content was confirmed at different salt concentration in influent by constructed wetland treatments. The mechanism was indicated by removal efficiency, microorganism quantity, microbial metabolism function and microbial community diversity. The results showed that:Coastal aquaculture wastewater was purified efficiently by constructed wetlands, and the quality of effluent reached class Ⅲ of surface water quality standard (GB 3838-2002); The optimal salt tolerant content was 1% at the different initiating salinity in influent, and the improved performance of contaminants removal was obvious (P<0.05) with 93.3% of organic matters removal and 77.12% of ammonia removal in effluent. The main removal path of coastal aquaculture wastewater in constructed wetlands is nitrification-denitrification, and nitrification/denitrification bacteria can work normally under the stress of 1% salinity. The utilization of carbon source by microorganisms tended to diversify under the influence of salinity. As a result, constructed wetland can be used as a green option for coastal aquaculture wastewater to solve or relieve the potential eutrophication.

Abstract:This paper is aimed at restoration of aquaculture pond sediments with submerged plants. We chose plastic boxes to make a terrarium and selected three kinds of submerged plants, namely Vallisneria, Potamogeton crispus and Hydrilla verticillata to plant on sediments.Then we investigated the total contents and occurrence characteristic of heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr) in sediments and analyzed their bioavailabilities. Results showed that the contents of heavy metals in aquaculture pond sediments were rather high, which may lead to high ecological risk. After planting submerged plants, we found that the contents of heavy metals in sediments were lower and their ecological risks were reduced. Compared with all heavy metal elements, we discovered that submerged plant restoration showed a good removal effect on Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg, while it appeared poor to Cr in sediments. There are different restoration effects between submerged plants which lived in different seasons. Cluster Analysis showed that submerged plants that grew in spring and summer can obtain a better restoration effect to Cd, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, while overwintering plant can reduce the content of Cr more efficiently. Speciation analysis on heavy metal in sediment reflected that bioavailability fraction contents of Cu, Cd and their mobility factor(MF) were higher before planting submerged plants. After restoration, the bioavailability fraction contents and MF of Cu, Cd increased significantly compared with the others. Besides, it showed extremely significant correlation(P<0.01) between the bioavailability fraction contents of heavy metals and their MF to the removal rate of heavy metal. In conclusion, the bioavailability and MF of heavy metals in sediment can effectively characterize the removal effect of heavy metal restoration with submerged plants.

Abstract:In this study, we present an analytical approach which uses an automated pre-concentration device(seaFAST) with accurate volume loading and in-line pH buffering of the sample prior to loading onto the chelating resin (NOBIAS chelate-PA1) and subsequent simultaneous analysis of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The available system extracts the trace metals from the seawater onto a chelation resin column, when the seawater sample pH<2, mixed with the buffer solution of ammonium acetate with pH (6.0±0.1) in a certain volume ratio (13:2~13:5). And the resin can be washed with the buffer solution of ammonium acetate no less than 800μL, which can effectively remove alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, anions, etc. The four target elements can achieve high recovery at the same time when the resin eluted by 10% nitric acid which is no less than 600 μL at the rate of 200 μL/min. The detection limits of this method were 0.014 μg/L(Cu), 0.002 μg/L(Pb), 0.049 μg/L(Zn), 0.001 μg/L(Cd).The analytical technique has advantages of high automation and small volume of reagents and samples. There is no significant difference of the analytical results, which is the trace metals in seawater of Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent areas, between this method and the one of the specification for marine monitoring. It shows that this method is stable and not affected by salinity. It is suitable for the analysis of trace metals in the estuary and its adjacent areas.

Abstract:The paper studied the effects of different pH values on the cultivation of microbial floccules utilizing the waste sludge from the recirculating aquaculture system that reared Scortum barcoo. It was carried out in fresh water at 29-32℃. The results showed that there were no obvious nitrite and nitrate accumulations when the pH values were 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5, and the average removal rates of soluble active phosphorus were 1.29, 0.92, and 0.80 mg/L·d. At the end of the experiment, the average concentrations of ammonium nitrogen in the three groups were 37.71, 12.74 and 17.55 mg/L, respectively. It was found that pH value had no significant effect on the total microbial activity of microbial flocs, microbial content and activity of heterotrophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. Crude protein and polysaccharide of extracellular polymeric substances of microbial flocs at pH 6.5 were significantly higher than those of the other two groups; the crude protein content of microbial flocs of group pH 6.5 was 20.61%, which was higher than 18.83% of pH 7.5 group and 19.04% of pH 8.5 group. It could be concluded that:pH significantly affected the ammonium nitrogen conversion efficiency, but had no obvious effects on the activity of bacteria on the flocs. the pH 7.5 and 8.5 were more beneficial to the ammonium nitrogen conversion.

Abstract:In order to better understand the status of phytoplankton resources in Xinzhou waters in Anqing, four sampling surveys were conducted in February, April, August and November, 2017. The results showed that 143 species of phytoplankton belonging to 8 phyla were detected in this study, of which Chlorophyta was the most, accounting for 46.15%; Secondly Bacillariophyta, accounting for 29.37%; Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Cryptophyta, Pyrrophyta and Xanthophyce aeaccounted for 12.59%, 3.50%, 3.50%, 2.10%, 1.40% and 1.40% respectively. There are 6 dominant species of phytoplankton, including Pseudoanabaena sp. of Cyanophyta, Synedra acus and Cyclotella meneghiniana of Bacillariophyta, Chroomonas acuta and Cryptomonas erosa of Cryptophyta, Ulothrix sp.of Chlorophyta. The density of phytoplankton ranged from 14.09×10⁴ to 487.98×10⁴ cell/L, with an average of 63.05×10⁴ cell/L. The biomass change was between 0.07 and 1.41 mg/L, with an average of 0.28 mg/L. The highest density occurs in Huangpen Zha rivers in summer(Section 5), the lowest density occurs in Xinzhouwei waters in spring (Section 7), the highest biomass occurs in Dongjiayao rivers in summer (Section 6), and the lowest density occurs in Wanhe estuary in summer (Section 1). The Shannon-Weiner index (H') ranged from 1.93 to 3.10, with an average of 2.70, the Margalef richness index (D) ranged from 1.12 to 3.00, with an average of 2.21, and the Pielou evenness index (J) ranged from 0.52 to 0.93, with an average of 0.79. Shannon-Weiner index (H'), Margalef richness index (D) and Pielou evenness index (J) had significant differences in spatial distribution, but no significant differences in seasonal variation. The index of diversity evaluated water quality as light to medium pollution, indicating that the water quality of Xinzhou waters was in good condition.

Abstract:We surveyed the spatial distribution characteristics of the phytoplankton community in the Yangtze River Estuary. A total of 157 species from 71 genera were identified and the average density were 3.31×10⁵ cells/L. Bacillariophyta was the dominant group, which was 61 species of 25 genera and its species number accounted for 39% of all species. Lyngbya limnetica, Oseillatoria agardhii, Oseillatoria amphibia, Oseillatoria tenuis, Chlorella vulgaris and Skeletonema costatum were the dominant species. Phytoplankton density ranged from 3.27×10⁴ to 1.50×10⁶ cells/L and there is no difference between the north branch, south branch and the main river. The homogeneity index between the north branch and the south branch varies little. The cell abundance and diversity index of the south branch are significantly higher than those of the north branch. The correlation analysis between phytoplankton and environmental factors showed that the species of phytoplankton and cell abundance were significantly positively correlated to temperature and chlorophyll a and were significantly negatively correlated to salinity. The diversity index and homogeneity index were significantly positively correlated to temperature and chlorophyll a and were significantly negatively correlated to conductivity. The cell abundance of Cyanophyta was significantly positively correlated to temperature and was significantly negatively correlated to dissolved oxygen and salinity. The cell abundance of bacillariophyta was significantly positively correlated to conductivity and was significantly negatively correlated to temperature. The environmental factors that have a significant impact on the distribution of phytoplankton species and density in the surveyed waters are salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and chlorophyll a. Therefore, the environmental factors of the Yangtze River Estuary affect the spatial and temporal changes of phytoplankton community structure.

Abstract:From September 2012 to June 2013, phytoplankton surveys were conducted in the outer and outer tidal zones of the north branch of the Yangtze River estuary. A total of 228 species of 75 genera of phytoplankton were identified, including 153 species of Bacillariophyta, 25 species of Chlorophyta, 21 species of Cyanobacteria, 14 species of Dinoflagellates, 2 species of Chrysophyta, 2 species of Xanthophyta, 2 species of Cryptophyta and 9 species of Euglena.There was obvious seasonal variation in the species composition of phytoplankton. There are 73 species of 31 genera and 6 phyla in spring, 106 species of 34 genera and 5 phyla in summer, 111 species of 61 genera and 7 phyla in autumn, and 63 species of 27 genera and 5 phyla in winter. The abundance of each season was 3.78×10⁵ cells/L in spring, 7.93×10⁵ cells/L in summer, 3.72×10⁵ cells/L in autumn, and 1.14×10⁵ cells/L in winter. The CCA model response analysis of phytoplankton and hydration factors was carried out. The results showed that suspended solids, turbidity and nutrient salt had great influence on the abundance of phytoplankton. Due to the change of shellfish and environmental factors, the composition of phytoplankton changed significantly before and after ecological restoration. The number and abundance of phytoplankton increased obviously in all seasons.

Abstract:Melanism caused by hypermelanosis on the blind side is common in artificial breeding of Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).At present, the mechanism of melanism is not clear. This research found that no melanophore are found in the normal skin on blind side, adult melanophore appeared on the melanized blind side of hypermelanosis specimens and the larval-type melanophore were unexpectedly found, the density of melanophore is significantly lower than normal skin on the ocular side; ctenoid scales appear on hypermelanosis skin, and normal skin on the ocular side is still cycloid scales; The number of ctenii on the ocular side was all above 5 ctenii, while the number of ctenii on the melanized blind side was all below 5 ctenii, showing a significant difference. This research found that the density of melanophore was significantly correlated with the number of ctenii. The higher the density of melanophore, the greater number of ctenii. It is presumed that the formation of scales is based on the increase of the density of melanophore. This experiment examined the expression of RALDHs(RALDH1, RALDH2, RALDH3) in the melanized skin and normal skin on the blind side. The results showed that the expression of RALDH1 and RALDH3 in the melanized skin was higher than that in the normal skin, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The expression of RALDH2 was not significantly different between the two part. The results suggest that there is a correlation between melanism and ctenoid scale in Japanese flounder, and may be related to the synthesis of retinoic acid.

Abstract:The development of the sonice muscles is of great significance for the marbled rockfish, Sebastiscus marmoratus. In order to understand the development of the sonic muscle in the marbled rockfish, this study quantified and compared the size and weight of sonic muscles to the individual body size and weight, and to explore the correlationship between them. The results of the study indicated that there is a linear positive correlation between the weight of vocal muscles and body weight in pre-or early gonadal development male, the correlation coefficient:R²=0.842 2.In gonadal developmental stages, the sonic muscle length-total length correlation coefficient:female, R²=0.814 1; male, R²=0.757 5; weight-weight correlation coefficient:female, R²=0.642 8; male, R²=0.850 7, indicating that length and weight of the sonic muscleis linearly positively correlated with the total length and weight, respectively.And the sonic muscle weight-total weight correlation of male individuals is more pronounced than female.In the gonadal mature stage females, the sonic muscle length and body weight were greater than those in the pre-or early gonadal development stage, moreover, the sonic muscles atrophied in fertilized female. There was no significant difference in the morphology of the sonic muscle between the gonadal mature stage and the pre-or early gonadal development stage in males.

Abstract:The 20 morphological parameters of the sagittal otolith were applied to investigate the Trichiurus lepturus samples collected from June to August 2017 in the Gulf of Oman, Iran. The principal component analysis (PCA) of data set was carried out to evaluate the growth pattern of the sagittal otolith. The results show that the outline of the sagittal otolith is elongated spindle with a deep and prominent excisura major. Both rostrum and anti-rostrum are protruding, and the former extends forward and is longer than the latter in length. The principal component analysis revealed that the total statolith length (L₁), total statolith height (L₂), distance from the core to the rostrum (L₆), distance from the rostrum to the intersection (L₁₇), total rostrum length (L₁₉), and distance from the anti-rostrum to the intersection (L₂₀) were used as typical morphological characteristics of the T. lepturus otolith. All parts of the sagittal otolith are allometric growth during the whole life, such as the length and height of otolith, the rostrum and the anti-rostrum.The growth rate of the anti-rostrum is faster than the rostrum. The L₁ and L₂ of otolith have logarithmic correlation with anal length. A power function exists between the L₆ and anal length.The relationship between the L₂ and body mass is logarithmic. The L₁ and L₆ show a power function with body mass. The results of this study provide basic data for the population identification and age determination of T. lepturus.

Abstract:An 8 weeks feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary cholesterol content on the immune related genes and resistances to low temperature and low dissolved oxygen stress in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in freshwater. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4) were prepared to feed shrimps with initial average mass of (0.14±0.03) g and the measured cholesterol content of experimental diets was 0.78, 1.57, 2.45, 3.43 and 4.18 mg/g diet, respectively. The immune related genes (Toll receptor, IMD, and lysozyme) expressions before and after Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, cumulative mortalities of the shrimp experienced acute low temperature and low dissolved oxygen stresses were detected. The results indicated that dietary cholesterol significantly affected the changes in expression levels of Toll receptor, IMD and lysozyme mRNAs of the shrimp experienced Vibrio challenge. During the 48 h after infection, the shrimp in C2 treatment displayed the largest variations in Toll receptor and lysozyme mRNAs expressions while the shrimp in C1 treatment displayed the largest variation in IMD mRNA expression, followed by shrimp in C2. All the treatments had the peaks of expressions of Toll receptor and lysozyme mRNAs at 24 h post infection. The shrimp in C2, C3 and C4 treatments displayed the peaks of IMD mRNA expression at 24 h post infection, while 42 h post infection for C0 and C1 treatments. Under the acute process cooling stress, the shrimp in C0 and C4 treatments displayed 100% mortality at 15℃ while the shrimp in C1, C2 and C3 treatments displayed 100% mortality at 14℃. There was no significant difference in oxygen consumption and lethal dissolved oxygen concentration between the groups under acute low dissolved oxygen stress. It is therefore suggested that dietary cholesterol of 2.45 mg/g could improve the immune sensitivity of L. vannamei cultured in freshwater, and the shrimp fed diet containing 1.57-3.43 mg/g cholesterol displays better resistance to low temperature stress.

Abstract:The study was conducted to investigate gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), meat yield (MY), total edible yield (TEY), proximate composition, fatty acid profile and amino acid composition in edible parts of wild adult mitten crab (Eriocheir sensu stricto) from Minjiang River using vicisection and biochemical analysis, and their gender differences were compared between females and males of adult mitten crab. The results were shown as follows:(1) The mean body mass and mean MY of the adult males were significantly higher than those of females; The mean GSI of female adult crabs was significantly higher than that of males (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in HSI and TEY between females and males. (2) Adult males had the significantly higher moisture content, and the lower contents of lipid, protein and carbohydrate in the gonads than the female crabs(P<0.05). The moisture content in the male hepatopancreas was significantly higher than that in the female (P<0.05), while the females had the higher lipid content in the hepatopancreas than the males(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of moisture, lipid, protein and carbohydrate in muscle between female and male (P>0.05). (3) No major differences were found for the hepatopancreatic fatty acid profile between female and male. The female crabs had higher total monounsaturated fatty acid (ΣMUFA) content in the gonads compared to males, while the contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFA), total highly unsaturated fatty acids (ΣHUFA) and Σn-6PUFA in male gonads were significantly higher than female crabs (P<0.05). The females had the significant higher percentage of muscular ΣMUFA than the males, while the male crabs had higher contents of ΣPUFA, ΣHUFA and Σn-6PUFA in the muscle (P<0.05). (4) The contents of most of amino acids and total amino acid (TAA) in female gonads were significantly higher than those of males (P<0.05), while the higher proline content was detected in the gonads of male (P<0.01). The cysteine content in males muscle was significantly higher than that of females (P<0.05), while no significant differences were found for the other amino acids between males and females (P>0.05). The essential amino acid scores (EAAS) of most essential amino acids in female gonads and muscle were higher than those of male, while the threonine, methionine + cysteine in gonads and the tryptophan, methionine + cysteine in muscle of males were higher than those of females. In conclusion, no significant difference in TEY was found between adult female and male mitten crab from Minjiang River, but the proportion of edible parts has gender differences. Both female and male crabs have high nutritional value of amino acid and fatty acid. The fatty acid profile in the gonads and muscle of males are better than female, but the female has better amino acid composition in the gonads and muscle.

Abstract:The technique of interspecific hybridization between Ulva prolifera and Ulva linza was reported. Based on the phototactic response of zoids and the characteristics of life cycle, female gametophyte of U. prolifera and male gametophyte of U. linza was selected from the Ulva population. Mature thalli were induced to release gametes in a Petri dish under a unilateral light source. Gametes were purified at least twice according to their respective phototaxis. By homogeneous mixing and microscopic observation, we can find that female and male gametes swam rapidly to each other and joined to form zygotes. During the process of conjugation, the flagella of female and male gametes gradually disappeared, the motility decreased, and the shuttle-shaped gametes changed into round zygotes. After twice purification, the zygote can grow into the offspring of Ulva. The progeny of Ulva was examined by gel electrophoresis and molecular biology. Result showed that the hybrids had specific sequences of U. prolifera and U. linza on 5S rDNA spacer sequence. The successful hybridization of U. prolifera and U. linza was confirmed and the artificial hybridization technology of Ulva was established. This technology has not yet been reported in China before, and it can provide a technical demonstration for the future development of a variety of high-quality traits of Ulva strains. It can also provide scientific support for carrying out large-scale facility culture and obtaining stable and high-yield biomass of Ulva.

Abstract:In order to research the effects of different hunger time(duration 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 d)on gills of hypoxia-tolerant F₄ generation of blunt snout bream, the gill microstructure, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and antioxidant enzyme of hypoxia-tolerant F₄ generation of blunt snout bream were studied by light, scanning electron microscopy and absorptiometry at (25±1.0)℃ and dissolved oxygen(7.0±0.5)mg/L.The results showed that with the increase of the hunger time, the activity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATP, SOD and CAT in the hypoxia-tolerant F₄ generation of blunt snout bream was gradually decreased and then restored to normal level after 7 days of re-feeding.Gill microstructure observation showed that the protruding lamella lengths were enlarged, which caused the expansion of the lamella surface area, and the height and volume of the ILCM decreased.After 7 days of re-feeding recovery, the changes in gill morphology were reversed.These results indicated that the hunger stress could seriously disturb the antioxidant system, but fish showed the capacity to alter respiratory surface area in response to hunger.

Abstract:In order to investigate the relationship between SNP and Vibrio resistance in immune-related genes of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were used to artificially infect large yellow croaker. High-throughput sequencing, screening and analysis of disease-resistant groups before and after infection:(1)17 non-synonymous mutation sites of amino acid were screened from V. anguillarum resistance group.A total of 28 SNPs were screened from the V. parahaemolyticus resistance group.(2)The first-generation sequencing confirmed that the SNP loci was located on the 91196th of chromosome NW_011323507.1 that interleukin-6 receptor gene (IL-6R) was from G changed to C, the proline was mutated to leucine, and the genotype CC frequencies of this site in the V. anguillarum resistance and the control groups were 12.5% and 0, which showed significant difference (P<0.05).(3)And the 35665 base mutation (A-G) of the complement C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP9) gene on chromosome NW_011323975.1 showed a significant difference in the V. parahaemolyticus susceptibility/resistance groups (P<0.01), the genotype GG frequencies were 37.5% and 0. The results showed that IL-6R-91196-G/C site mutation was associated with V. anguillarum resistance group, and CTRP9-35665-A/G site mutation was associated with large yellow croaker against V. parahaemolyticus.It provides theoretical support for the selection and breeding of large yellow croaker against Vibrio population.

Abstract:Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in captivity that suffered from necrotizing scute disease showed the symptoms of "grey-white scute", Wood lamp fluorescence phenomenon, suspected of the presence of fungal infection;One dominant fungus was isolated and purified from the edge necrosis of the carapace of the green turtles, which was numbered SDABAI. The pathogenic strain was identified by morphological observation, conidia morphology, and combined with ITS 18S rDNA sequence analysis, and the phylogenetic analysis was constructed. The results showed that the SDABAI strain(accession number:MK583351) and Fusarium solani(accession number:KU377470.1) had 99% genetic similarity, so SDABAI was determined to be F. solani, and the fungal morphology and conidia morphology were also consistent.The SDABAI strain was inoculated into a 4 mL centrifuge tube and cultured on an inclined plane for 4-5 days. After growing white flocculent fungi, the fungus was sealed on the dorsal plates of 2 healthy green sea turtles (A1 and A2) using light-curable composite resin. Each turtle had 2 germ-bearing centrifuge tubes (A1-1; A1-2; A2-1; A2-2). On the 24th day of infection, the infected symptoms of A1 appeared, with fluorescence, which produced the same symptoms as the natural disease, and Fusarium solani similar to SDABAI were isolated at the edge of shell of A1.A2 had weaker symptoms than A1.According to the whole dorsal shell of green sea turtles showing "grey-and-white scute" symptoms and the pathogen of Fusarium solani, it was named green sea turtle necrotizing scute disease.Garlic oil, wormwood oil and tea tree oil were selected for drug sensitivity test. The results showed that all of them could inhibit growth to a certain extent, and also inhibit the growth of secondary bacteria, with the best antifungal effect of garlic oil. The results showed that five drugs, including terbinafine, clomazole, miconazole, nystatin and amphotericin, had better antifungal effect on SDABAI.

Abstract:The dynamic formation process of Vibrio parahemolyticus biofilm on fish scale was investigated. The efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) on biofilm removal was also evaluated. Dynamic formation process of Vibrio parahemolyticus biofilm at 37℃ was further studied in detail by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and EPS analysis. SEM images showed that cells accumulated on the surface of fish scales, grew into a mature biofilm with three-dimensional network structure after a period of growth (12-60 h), and cracks appeared on the surface of biofilm at 72 h. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPC) and extracellular protein (EPR) biomass increased to maximum level at 60 h and then decreased with increase of cultivation time. The biofim formation of Vibrio parahemolyticus on fish scale surface at various temperature (4℃, 10℃, 15℃, 25℃, 37℃ and 40℃) was assessed by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) analysis.The results indicated that Vibrio parahemolyticus can form biofilm on fish scale at all temperatures. 37℃ was more conducive to form biofilm. AEW was used to remove biofilm formed on fish scale and it exhibited a strong ability of biofilm eradication. SEM images confirmed that biofilm became sparse and three-dimensional network structure was destroyed after being treated with AEW for 5 min. Further, the sequentially 10 min treatment of AEW achieved up to 64.54% and 61.42% removal of EPC and EPR biomass, respectively.

Abstract:The broth and pan-fried soup(PFS)of tuna (Thunnus obesus)head were stewed by two different methods. Fatty acid compositions and vitamin E (V_E) contents of two different tuna head soups were analyzed and its microscopic morphology were observed during the cooking process. The results showed that there were 22 kinds of fatty acids both in the broth and PFS. The proportion of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and V_E reached the maximum with the condition of fish to water ratio of 1:8(m/m), boiled for 150 min, and the contents in the PFS were higher than those in the broth.The average particles size of the micro/nano-size particle in broth and PFS after microfiltration and ultrafiltration treatment was measured by Malvern laser particle size analyzer, and it was found that the average particle size of the two kinds of soup was significantly smaller (P<0.05), but re-aggregation occurs to form larger particles. Observed under Inverted microscopy microscope, the particles were found to be unequal-sized spherical, with wide size distribution and good dispersion.This paper provides a research basis for the transfer of nutrients into the soup during the cooking process. Furthermore, it provides theoretical basis for the production of high-quality fish soup.

Abstract:Laver can be harvested many times in one cultivation cycle. In order to evaluate the flavor differences among lavers harvested during different periods, the taste and odor were tested by electronic tongue, electronic nose and gas phase ion migration spectrometer. The results showed that umami and aftertaste of umami were outstanding in the lavers that were harvested in the early stage. The unpleasant taste such as bitterness and astringency were more intense in the lavers that were harvested in the later stage. In the aspect of volatile components, the data from electronic nose test indicated that the volatile compounds of lavers harvested during different periods were significantly different. The volatile compounds in the first harvest of laver were mainly 2-ethylfuran, and some ketones and alcohols with relatively higher threshold. The contents of γ-butyrolactone, 2-hexene-1-alcohol and 1-octene-3-alcohol were relatively higher in the second and third harvests of lavers. The contents of nonanal (smell of grass) and benzaldehyde (smell of bitter almond) were higher in the fourth and fifth harvests of lavers. It can be concluded that electronic tongue, electronic nose and gas phase ion migration spectrometer can be used to distinguish the flavor characteristics of different lavers quickly and accurately.

Abstract:The secondary metabolites of strain Penicillium chrysogenum, an epiphytic fungus isolated from the Xisha sponge T. swinhoei were studied, in order to find structurally specific secondary metabolites. The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum was fermented with Fungus No.2 medium, the mycelium was extracted and purified by modern chromatography method including repeated column chromatography on silica gel, ODS and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of isolated compounds were identified with modern spectroscopic techniques combined with HRMS. The results showed that seven compounds were isolated from the mycelium of strain Penicillium chrysogenum, which was isolated from the sponge T.swinhoei. They were identified as Traumatic acid (1),N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol (2),cyclo-(Trp-Ser) (3),cyclo-(D-Pro-D-Leu) (4),cyclo-(Phe-Tyr)(5),(22E,24S)-5α,8α-epidioxy-24-methyl-cholesta-6,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol(6),5α,8α-epidioxy-23-methyl-(22E,24S)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol(7).Compound 1 was initially isolated from nature and compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum for the first time.