Abstract:To detect the tetrodotoxin (TTX) of Takifugu niphobles and its symbiotic bacteria, three individuals of T. niphobles were collected from the sea near County Dongshan, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China. The collected fishes T. niphobles owned some typical morphological features, such as a lot of white dots spreading all over the dorsal body, each of oval black patches is at the base of dorsal fin or behind pectoral fin in each body side, each fins showing light yellow color. According to the test results of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the amount of TTX in ovary, liver and muscle tissue contain 56.247, 0.380 and 0.118 μg/g respectively. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis with known bacterial species in GenBank database, one bacterial strain Listonella sp. from intestines, Enterobacter sp. from muscle and Vibrio crassostreae from ovary, two bacteria Acinetobacter sp. from liver, were isolated in this study. According to the LC-MS/MS result, three bacteria can produce TTX except Vibrio crassostreae and one bacterial strain Acinetobacter sp.. 10¹³ CFU of Acinetobacter lwoffii, Enterobacter sp. and Listonella sp. can produce 0.855, 0.318, and 0.298 ng TTX, respectively. This is the first report that the bacteria of Listonella and Acinetobacter isolated from puffer fish can produce TTX, our research further enriched the catalogue of TTX-producing bacteria.

Abstract:Phenotypic quantitative traits are the main basis for fish classification and germplasm characterization, and phenotypic traits contain rich genetic information. This study analysed 14 phenotypical quantitative traits of three biological populations of groupers:Kelp grouper(♀) Epinehelus moara, Giant grouper(♂) E.lanceolatus, and their hydrides "Yunlong grouper" by using multiple comparisons, hybridization coefficient comparison, discriminant analysis and principal component analysis methods.The results showed that the phenotype similarity of the "Yunlong grouper" was 27.27% with that of the female Kelp grouper, and it was 54.54% with that of the male Giant grouper. The similarity rate between the Kelp grouper and the Giant grouper was 54.54%.The average hybridization coefficient of 14 traits was 76.01, which indicated that the hybrid progeny on the phenotypic traits was biased towards male parent. The seven major quantitative traits of the hybrid progeny and parents, including body length/tail handle length, head length/eye spacing, body length/head length, tail handle length/tail handle width, body length/tail handle width, abdominal fins, dorsal fins soft fins, were further analyzed by discriminant analysis and principal component analysis. By comparing the typical discriminant function(F₁, F₂) and the discriminant function(Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) which can distinguish the above three biological groups, the discriminant accuracy rate reached 98.85% on average and can classify the 3 biological groups in two-dimensional space.Principal component analysis showed that the total variance of the first three principal components of the total variance accumulated contribution rate was 62.891%, fitting the three representative characters of principal component function (P₁, P₂, P₃), indicating that the three biological groups could be clearly distinguished in three-dimensional space by using principal components.This study provides a scientific basis for the identification of the germplasm of the Kelp grouper, Giant grouper and hybrids progeny "Yunlong grouper".

Abstract:In this paper, we determined the age of an overweight female narrow-ridged finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri remains which was found in February 2016 in Shanghai Chongming Island, then compared its somatotype parameters, thickness of the abdomen fat and liver tissue with normal individuals of the same age. The analysis shows that the N. asiaeorientalis sunameri is two years old, its body length is 115.0 cm, body weight is 29.9 kg, the largest body girth is 86.2 cm, body mass index (BMI) is 22.6 kg/m², body girth index (BGI) is 75.0%, thickness of the abdomen fat is 3.5-4.3 cm, all of these parameters are significantly higher than other eight remains in the same estuary. Based on the methodologies and criteria of judging obesity in humans, such as the BMI, a common measure of obesity, we found that this N. asiaeorientalis sunameri is obese. The liver weight of the experimental sample is about 3.3% of the body weight, fat fraction in liver reaches up to 9.27%±1.67%, fat accounts for the liver section also reaches 40.81%±2.09%. Separately, each percentage is significantly higher than normal or control individuals, the multiples are 1.4 times, 2.63 times and 1.75 times in sequence. In our ocular inspection, the liver surface of experimental sample is rough, it reveals intenal lesions with short myofiber and hepatic steatosis. Paraffin sections show that the mass eosinophil infiltration in the tissue in low-power scan; At high magnification, the hepatocyte in mild lesion area occurs to obvious pathological cavitation, only completely necrotic hepatocyte can be seen in highly pathological change area. Research indicated that this obesity N. asiaeorientalis sunameri has evolved serious adiposis hepatica which was correlated to its somatotype parameters and thickness of the abdomen fat. These findings have a certain guiding significance for finless porpoise's domestication and ex situ conservation.

Abstract:Most of the fish are ectotherms which live in the water for the whole life, so temperature is the important abiotic factor which can influence the growth and development of fish. When temperature changing, fish won't reduce the environment stress by using behavioral thermoregulation like endure, boycott or preference rather than adaptable genovariation. The review summarize the recent study on fish behavioral thermoregulation, comparing their behavioral change of habitat selection, swimming, feeding and breeding migration of different species, allogeneic age and the same kind and age fishes. And also analyze the possible internal mechanism which can course the difference, as well as the research progress of the Heat Shock Protein (HSPs) and epigenetics effect on survival. The article expound the behavior of thermoregulation is a complex and comprehensive selection behavior based on external environmental conditions and their physiological needs to maximize the advantage of thermoregulation. In order to further understand the effect of global climate change on fish, the further on research of fish thermoregulation behavior and its mechanism are needed.

Abstract:In order to shorten the intermediate culture period of razor clam and to quicken the culture of large size products, the suitable specifications and densities of the spat are tested. In November to December 2016, in the 250 m² outdoor large cement pool to cultivate spat, and polyculture of small shrimp, two specifications spat (0.890±0.024 cm, 0.488±0.035 cm) of razor clam S. constricta were cultured with different sediment thickness(3 cm, 6 cm) and density. Regular measuring shell length, shell width, weight and survival rate of spat of razor clam under different conditions, sediment thickness affect the growth of spat in shape, specification, the greater required sediment thickness thicker. The results show that the survival rate of two kinds of specifications of razor clam respectively was 81.83% ±0.69%, 65.74% ±0.83%; stocking density affected the growth speed of spat of razor clam; spat to specifications and the combined effect of rearing density showed that large spat (100,000 grains/kg, shell length 0.890±0.024 cm) appropriate stocking density of 10 000-15 000 grains/m²; small spat (200,000 grains/kg, shell length 0.488±0.035 cm), appropriate stocking density is 30 000-50 000 grains/m²; foster after 30 days, 14.4 kg large-size juveniles harvested 196.4 kg, 96.6% reach (1.5-2.0 cm) commodity seed; 8.8 kg small juveniles harvested seed 144.6 kg, 68.4% reach (1.5-2.0 cm) commodity seed. In this paper, the feasibility of intermediate culture of spat of razor clam in cement pool is explored, shorter intermediate period, it can provid high quality and healthy large specifications spat of razor clam for large-scale and intensive aquaculture.

Abstract:In order to investigate the community structure and diversity of cyanobacteria in water and sediment of tilapia ponds, the Illumina high-throughput sequencing and the bioinformatics analysis were performed. The results showed that there were significant differences of cyanobacteria community structure between water and surface sediment samples. Nonetheless, the dominant groups in these two habitats were the same, which were Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria_norank and Chroococcales. Further researches indicated that the cyanobacteria community in water was affected by the monthly variations, and was closely related to the net input of nitrogen to the ponds systems. However, the cyanobacteria community in surface sediment was more affected by the ponds variations and was related to the net input of phosphorus to the ponds systems. To sum up, the tilapia cultivations in the ponds systems affected the cyanobacteria communities in water and surface sediment more by the way of nutrients input than by direct feeding.

Abstract:Through the investigation on the growth,pathogen detection,genetic diversity analysis,water quality detection and injecting WSSV to explore the poor growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.The results showed that SSR analysis:Mean He 0.632 2-0.687 2,Mean PIC 0.583 1-0.635 4,genetic diversity was high,and there was no significant difference in genetic index and water quality(P>0.05). The growth of normal growing pond was significantly better than that of poor growing pond in culture days(50 d, 100 d and 150 d) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (P<0.05), while the positive rate of EHP, WSSV and IHHNV was significantly lower than that of poor growing pond (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in growth between the two groups for 220 d (P>0.05). The positive rate of pathogen was significantly higher than that of the previous three quarantine results (P<0.05). The positive rate of normal growing pond was higher, and the number of male shrimp of normal growing pond was less,and the results were in agreement with the results of the pathogen detection before the investigation in 2014,2015. By injecting WSSV for 15 d, 30 d and 45 d, there were significant differences in growth index of each concentration group (P<0.05), and each growth index decreased gradually with the increase of infection concentration. Therefore,combined with catching big and keeping small in the middle and late stages of culture in every 10 d,the germplasm degeneration and water quality do not affect the growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Pathogen may affect the growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.The effects of pathogen on male are greater than on female.

Abstract:The microbe attached in biofilm carrier material could ulitize different carbon sources in high yield collection pond. In order to understand the metabolic characteristics of these microbes, the Biolog-ECO technology and water quality analysis were used to analyze the change of microbial carbon metabolism and water quality during the formation of biofilm (0-9 w) in high collection pond including grass carp and tilapia. The results showed that:(1) During the test, using biofilm in polyculture ponds has good removal effect of total nitrogen and phosphorus, and has good effects on maintaining water quality stability;(2) For different sampling time points, the metabolic activity of ulitizing carbon source displayed obvious difference:3, 5, 7, 8 w biofilm metabolic activity at high levels; In the biofilm formation process, the trend of the biofilm microbial metabolic activity first rose and then reduced; Richness index, Shannon index, Simpson index, and McIntosh index performance for 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 w were significantly higher than other weeks; (3)Studies on the use of six kinds of carbon sources indicate that biofilm microbes have the highest utilization rates for carbohydrates and polymers; Along with the formation of the biofilm, adherent microbes of glycogen increased obviously, such as n-acetyl-D-glucosamine, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, 1-phosphate glucose utilization of carbon sources; (4) Biofilm microbial metabolic characteristics of principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the different sampling time points of samples gathered in three different areas, including 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 w microbial metabolic difference is small, 0w and 1w as a whole, 5 w and 7 w as a whole, but there were significant differences between the three concentrated areas. The results would provide some reference for further utilization of carbon sources to strengthen biofilm formation in aquaculture.

Abstract:The reproductive system of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis is complicated, and accessory gland, testis and vas deferens are three major constituents. However, no available information could be found on the biochemical composition of these three tissues for the mature male E. sinensis. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the proportion, proximate composition, fatty acid composition and amino acid contents in the reproductive system of mature male E. sinensis. The results showed that:(1) the accessory gland index (AGI) was significantly higher compared to the testis index (TI) and vas deferens index (VDI) (P<0.05). (2) For the biochemical composition, the contents of moisture, total lipid and total carbohydrate in the testis were significantly higher than those of the other parts (P<0.05), while the highest crude protein content was detected in the accessory gland (P<0.05). (3) For fatty acids profile, no significant differences were found in the percentages of the most saturated fatty acid (SFA), total saturated fatty acid (ΣSFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) among three parts, while the testis had the highest levels of C20:3n3, C20:4n6, C22:6n3, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA), ∑n-6PUFA and total highly unsaturated fatty acids (∑HUFA) (P<0.05). (4) For amino acids composition, the highest contents of the major amino acids were detected in accessory gland, while the contents of L-lysine (Lys), valine (Val) and Histidine (His) were shown as VD > AG > T (P<0.05). In conclusion, the high contents of total lipid, total carbohydrate, PUFA and HUFA were stored in the testis of mature E. sinensis, while the accessory gland had the highest contents of crude protein and total amino acids. These differences may indicate their different physiological function for these tissues of mature E. sinensis.

Abstract:This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of coated amino acids and exogenous protease supplementation in low fish meal diet on growth, nutrient utilization and digestive enzyme activities of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A high fish meal diet (containing 20% fish meal) and a low fish meal diet (containing 15% fish meal) were designed as the positive and negative control diets respectively, and coated lysine (500 mg/kg), coated methionine (900 mg/kg) (CAA) and 175 mg/kg exogenous protease were supplemented in negative diet solely or combinedly to form another three experimental diets. The five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were fed to white shrimp with an initial body weight of 2.96 g for 42 days. The positive group showed the highest weight gain (WG) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the negative group had the lowest WG and the highest FCR among all groups. The supplementation of coated amino acids or protease tended to improve WR, and decrease FCR(P>0.05)when compared to the negative control. The combined supplementation of coated amino acids and protease improved WR by 11.5%, decreased FCR by 0.18(P<0.05), and significantly promoted protein retention and digestibility of dry matter and crude protein (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of whole body among groups (P>0.05), and all groups showed no significant differences in lipid retention and activities of lipase and amylase in hepatopancreas (P>0.05). The above results showed that the supplementation of 500 mg/kg coated lysine, 900 mg/kg coated methionine or 175 mg/kg protease in a low fish meal diet (15% fish meal) did not significantly influence the growth, but the combined supplementation of coated amino acids and protease significantly improved the growth and nutrients utilization of white shrimp.

Abstract:In this study, the basic nutritional composition, flavor nucleotides, free amino acids and volatile compounds in dorsal and belly meat of rainbow trout from Beijing, Xinjiang and Qinghai provinces were respectively analyzed and compared. The results showed that moisture content of rainbow trout in Qinghai region was significantly less than those in Beijing and Xinjiang region, but content of crude fat was significantly higher than those of the samples of Beijing and Xinjiang. The basic nutritional composition contents of dorsal and belly meat of rainbow trout in same region were different slightly. Meanwhile, the AMP content and free amino acids of dorsal meat of rainbow trout in same region were not observably different from belly meat, however, the IMP content of dorsal meat of rainbow trout exceeded markedly belly meat. On the other hand, contents of AMP, IMP and free amino acids of rainbow trout in different regions had significant differences, and the contents in samples of Xinjiang were the highest. The results of electronic nose showed that the aroma of rainbow trout in Beijing was similar to the rainbow trout in Xinjiang, and was different from that in Qinghai region. At the same time, the volatile odor of dorsal and belly meat could be effectively distinguished.Most of volatile compounds in rainbow trout meat detected by GC-MS were carbonyl compounds and alcohols. The relative contents of carbonyl compounds of rainbow trout in Qinghai region was remarkably higher than those in Beijing and Xinjiang, nevertheless, relative contents of alcohols was lower than the other two regions.

Abstract:A 75d feeding trail was conducted to determine the dietary valine requirement for juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Seven isonitrogenous diets with graded levels of valine ranging from 6.3 to 15.8 g/kg of dry diet were fed to triplicate groups of fish with an average initial body weight of 1.35 g, respectively. The results showed that the weight gain rate, feed efficiency and protein retention efficiency were significantly affected(P<0.05). Weight gain rate and protein retention increased significantly with increasing dietary valine levels from 6.3 to 12.6 g/kg, but decreased significantly with further increase to 15.8 g/kg. Feed efficiency increased significantly with increasing dietary valine levels from 6.3 to 12.6 g/kg, but kept stable with increase to 15.8 g/kg. Fish essential amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, total amino acids and whole fish content were not affected significantly by dietary valine levels (P>0.05). ALT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) activity in hepatopancreas reached the maximum value at the dietary valine level of 11.0 g/kg, but there was no significant difference between the groups. AST (glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase) activity in hepatopancreas was not affected significantly by dietary valine levels (P>0.05). Second-degree polynomial regression analysis based on weight gain rate, protein retention efficiency and feed efficiency indicated that the requirements of dietary valine for fingerling grass carp were 12.79-13.68 g/kg of dry diet, 3.76%-4.02% of dietary protein, respectively.

Abstract:Based on the ECOM-si, a physical-ecological coupled numerical ocean model off the Changjiang Estuary with modules of circulation, thermohaline, sediment simulation and NPZD type of ecological model was established.The model was validated by observed data of several sites and sections, and the simulated results show a certain precision and stability.Therefore, the model can be applied to seasonal variation study of the phytoplankton biomass off the Changjiang Estuary, and the influences of increase-decrease of water discharge in different months and during high, normal and low flow years, on the nutrients and the monthly mean biomass of the phytoplankton,after the runoff of Changjiang regulated by Three Gorges Project(TGP). The modeling results showed that, the absolute value of nutrients variation was decreased from the nearly estuary to the far estuary,and the peak value of nutrients variation occurred successively from west to east. Low flow year was influenced greatly by runoff regulation, and the nutrients increment during low flow year was significantly greater than during high and mean years caused by runoff regulation in the estuary, while the nutrients decrement was on the contrary in the transition area and the far estuary after October.The distribution of phytoplankton biomass was relatively consist with that of nutrients, with a greatest effect during the low flow year andthe peak value also occurred successively from west to east.In addition, due to the competition between diatoms and dinoflagellates, the increased absolute amplitude of diatom biomass in flow increased season was higher than the decreased amplitude of diatom biomass in flow reduced season, while dinoflagellates was on the contrary.Runoff regulation of TGP was beneficial to the growth of phytoplankton off the Changjiang Estuary, but the annual mean increased biomass was small.

Abstract:Oyster is a biological indicator of sea area pollution status,and it can concentrate many kinds of pollutants in body from habitat environment. To assess oyster health risk, we calculated the margin of exposure (MOE) and total carcinogenic risk index (R_TC)of main pollutants including inorganic arsenic, methylmercury, Pb, Cd, Cu, PAHs, PCBs, HCB and DDT in culture oyster samples collected from the mariculture zone along the southern coast of Fujian province in China in 2015. The results showed that pollutants average MOE were between 1.00×10^-6-0.111, less than 1 and average R_TC were between 2.88×10^-5-3.16×10^-5, less than the maximum acceptable risk level of 10^-4. Therefore the health risk of cultured oyster was acceptable. The health risk values of pollutants were compared and the distribution and variation features of main food risk factors were discussed. The primary health risk of culture oyster along the southern coast of Fujian province in China was from heavy metal, the MOE of Cd, Pb and methylmercury were much higher than other pollutants, and inorganic arsenic contributed to R_TC was much greater than other pollutants. The MOE of PCBs was much higher than the other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and PCBs contributed to R_TC was much greater than the other POPs. So the concentration of Cd, Pb, methylmercury, inorganic arsenic and PCBs in cultured oyster should be the focus of health risk.

Abstract:Among the main parts of the marine environmental protection and governance, marine environmental protection NGO plays an irreplaceable role, mainly in the areas of publicity and education, practice activities, policy participation, public opinion and so on. However, according to the survey data, the marine environmental protection NGO started late in China, and there are still many factors that restrict the development of them. Prominently reflected as the system supply shortage, lack of social support and weak self-organization ability, etc. In order to promote the formation of multi governance pattern in marine environmental protection, it is necessary to optimize its institutional environment, improve the public awareness of marine environmental protection, and broaden the organizational construction path of the marine ENGO themselves.

Abstract:Mauritania is one of the main fishing areas of Chinese bottom trawlers. In this study, based on the fishing statistical data of bottom trawlers from Shanghai distant-water fishery company during 2010 to 2015, combined with the satellite remote sensing data such as sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), the method of habitat suitability index including the geometric model and arithmetic average model was used to study the fishing ground of Mauritania bottom trawl fishery. The studies suggest that the fishing seasons are from Jan. to April and from July to December in Mauritania bottom trawling. The monthly suitability index was established based on the relationship between fishing nets and SST, SSHA and sea depth, and there are differences among different months for appropriate scope of marine environment. For AMM model, in the fishing areas in which HSI is greater than 0.6, the percentage of fishing nets and catch reached 76.10% and 78.66%of the total, and the average catch of fishing net gradually increased with the increase of HSI, from 29.37 kg/fishing net with the HIS value of 0-0.2 to 47.20 kg/fishing net with the HIS value of 0.8-1.0. For GMM model, in the fishing areas in which HSI is greater than 0.6,the percentage of fishing nets and catch reached 66.71% and 71.18%of the total, and the monthly average catch of fishing net time did not show a reasonable rule. The results indicated that AMM model is more suitable for forecasting fishing ground in Mauritania bottom trawl fishery.

Abstract:Swell is an important part in near shore wave systems and it can cause fishing shipwreck accidents due to its long duration and huge energy. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can image ocean waves and provide 2-dimentional wave spectra, making it an important remote tool for observing waves. In this study, swell information from orbital wave mode data of European Space Agency (ESA) ENVISAT-ASAR was used to quantify the effect of swells in wave-caused shipwreck accidents in China coastal seas. First, temporal and spatial match-up data among the wave-caused shipwreck accidents, ASAR wave mode data and model data were generated; and then the swell factors of match-up data were compared and analyzed. Conclusions are:when the shipwreck accidents happened, (1) weather systems were mostly cold air, extratropical cyclone or typhoon; (2) most mixed significant wave heights of wind waves and swells were larger than 2.0 m with swell portion greater than 50%; (3) the intersection angles between propagate directions of wind waves and swells were greater than 45°, and the shipwreck accidents happened more likely when conditions (2) and (3) were both satisfied.

Abstract:With the development of fishery production in China,the demand for ice in fishery is gradually increasing,and there is no official statistics for ice demand in fishery at present.So that ice-making enterprises cannot adjust production scale according to market demand.Ice-making enterprises have no control over the structure and development trend of ice consumption market,which directly causes the blindness of the production.In this article,through the establishment of the classical linear regression model,the ice volume curve of fishery in 1995—2016 is estimated and fitted with the national trend of ice production,indicating that the estimated results are relatively objective and accurate,in line with the actual situation of China's fishery ice.Through the heteroscedasticity testing,stationarity test,cointegration test and a series of metrology inspection,we find that there is no heteroscedasticity in the regression model,and there is a stable and long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables.Therefore,the estimation results are statistically significant.From the overall trend point of view,China's fishery ice consumption is growing,indicating that China's fishery production scale is showing a growing trend.Further research shows that the estimated amount of ice in the first fishery industry in China is relatively large,which is 40.74%,but the average annual growth rate is 3.04%.The estimated consumption of ice in the fishery secondary industry is the smallest of the three industries,about 12.17%,but the annual increase is the highest,reaching 7.99%.The estimated amount of ice in the third fishery industry is 47.09%,and the annual growth rate was 4.73%.By 2030,the total amount of ice in fisheries is expected to reach 1927 million tons.