Abstract:So far we have no clear understanding on the adipose fin development. In order to find out the differences between the adipose fin and dorsal fin developments, we investigated the developing process and ossification process of dorsal fin and adipose fin in Pristella maxillaris. We found that the dorsal fin bud showed up from the larva fish dorsal at 28 DAH (day after hatch), dorsal fin ray could be seen at 30 DAH, and dorsal fin rays ossified at 35 DAH, whereas, the adipose fin could be found from 32 DAH. Based on this observation, we sequenced the transcriptoms of the dorsal fin bud at 28 DAH, dorsal fin at 30 DAH and adipose fin at 35 DAH in P. maxillaris. A series of bioinformatic analysis showed that all three tissues had 14 115 same genes, accounting for 84.01% of the dorsal fin bud's transcriptome, 83.19% of the dorsal fin's transcriptome, and 84.14% of the adipose fin's transcriptome, indicating that there might be similar molecular mechanism of the development process of adipose fin and dorsal fin in P. maxillaris. At gene expression level, compared with adipose fin, dorsal fin bud and dorsal fin expression was more similar. Furthermore, we found that some genes relative to the fin development such as tbx5, bmp4 etc, were expressed differently in adipose fin and dorsal fin. These information provided by the comparative transcriptomic analysis may help us to understand the development of adipose fin betterly.

Abstract:The Microsatellite-enhanced genomic library of Sinonovacula constricta was constructed using magnetic beads enrichment method. A total of 18 pairs of microsatellite primers were developed and screened out, of which 8 pairs showed high levels of genetic polymorphism. With these 8 pairs, the parentage determination was estimated and evaluated. The result revealed that, for the 18 pairs of microsatellite primers in 12 individuals, the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 6 and the average was 3, the observed and expected heterozygosis varies from 0 to 1.000, and from 0.290 to 0.779, respectively, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) changed from 0.239 to 0.703. The single parent exclusion rate(E-1P)was 0.583 to 0.916 if parents were both unknown, while that was 0.406 to 0.830 when only one of the parental genotype was known. Meanwhile, it was identified that with the increasing number of offspring, the exclusion rate of these markers still remains in a higher range. Thus, these pairs can be applied as microsatellite markers for identifying progeny genetic relationship, which is beneficial and significant for Sinonovacula constricta standardized cultivation and pedigree breeding.

Abstract:In order to establish a multi-PCR detection method for the simultaneous detection of class 1 integron (Int1), class 4 integron (SXT) and insertion sequence common region 1(ISCR1), three pairs of specific primers were designed using PrimerPlex 2.61 based on the gene sequence of int1, int_SXT and ISCR1 in GenBank. The multiplex PCR system was established and optimized by changing the primer volume and annealing temperature. The specificity and sensitivity of the optimized multiplex PCR were also evaluated, and then the multiplex PCR was applied to the detection of three kinds of integron-related elements in 222 Vibrio strains of mariculture source. The results showed that the above primers could amplify three bands of 569 bp, 430 bp and 651 bp specifically. The optimized reaction conditions were as follows:the volume of primers 0.3 μL for int1, 0.6 μL for int_SXT, and 0.6 μL for ISCR1, and anneal temperature 50℃. Under the conditions, the detection minimum limit was 0.02 ng/μL of genome DNA. The results of detction for the above three integron-related elements in 222 Vibrio strains, using the optimized multiplex PCR, were the same as that of the control assays. In short, this study provides an effective multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of int1, int_SXT and ISCR1,which could be applied to studies on integron-associated antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract:Stable isotope analysis is widely used in trophic ecology study and has been a powerful tool to examine structure and trophic interactions of aquatic food webs. Multiple tissues of organism may provide diet information of their life history. Applications to reconstruction of diet and migration patterns require precise estimates of turnover rate and discrimination factor of each isotope in the studied tissues. The study derived turnover rates and discrimination of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco from the tissues of different organs and estimated the contributions of growth and metabolism through laboratory diet-shift experiment. Results showed that mucus (δ¹³C:28.0d, δ¹⁵N:35.7d) and liver (δ¹³C:25.8 d, δ¹⁵N:63.6d) are the tissues with the highest turnover rates, while the turnover rate of fin (δ¹³C:106.5 d, δ¹⁵N:64.2d) and muscle (δ¹³C:92.6d) are smaller and gill having the lowest turnover rate and the longest half-life. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope discrimination factors of tissues are different. Discrimination factors of different tissues are-1.4‰-2.4‰ for nitrogen and -2.1‰-2.0‰ for carbon. The growth rate of Pelteobagrus fulvidracois relatively slow, and the contribution of growth to tissue stable isotope turnover rate is low, however, the metabolic contributions to both carbon and nitrogen turnover rate are higher (>60%) in all tissues except for gill. The variation in turnover rates of multiple tissues may provide complementary information for diet reconstruction at different time scales, and the mucus and liver reflect short-time diet shift, while fin, liver and muscle reflect a rather long-time of dietary information.

Abstract:In July 2015, samples of epilithic diatom collected from Lake Selincuo in Tibet Autonomous Region, China were observed and identified. Three speices belonging to the genus of Brachysira were found. Brachysira aponina (Kützing)is a newly recorded taxon in China. The others were B. microcephala (Grunow) Compère and B. vitrea (Grunow) Ross. The characteristics of B. aponina were described in details and the ultrastructure of two types of B. microcephala and B. vitrea were redescribed by observation of light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). B. aponina is characterized by narrow round ends, small or round center area and straight axial area with siliceous longitudinal ribs. Raphe is simple with M-shaped distal ends. The main features of B. microcephala type 1 are subcapitate ends, asymmetrical-round area and T-shaped distal ends. B. microcephala type 2 is characterized by capitate ends. The striae are radiate at valve center,but parallel towards the ends. B. vitrea mainly has elliptic-lanceolate valve with elongate and capitate ends,small and ovate center area and "T"-shaped distal ends. In addition, characteristics between the 3 species and other resembling gomphonemoid species of Brachysira were compared and discussed. Meanwhile, the ecology and distribution of the three species were also described in detail.

Abstract:In order to compare the growth of the progenies of breeding population and wild population of Chinese mitten crab, cages were placed in ecological ponds to conduct Chinese mitten crab breeding experiment. Three treatments were designed based on different female parent sources and specifications. A treatment:the progenies of breeding population, female parent weight was (150.39±5.82)g, male parent weight was (300.23±9.61)g;B,C treatment:the progenies of wild population, female parent weight was (150.47±6.28) g and (250.33±8.68)g respectively, male parent weight was both (300.56±10.27)g. Each treatment had four replicates, each cage stocking 500 Chinese mitten crabs, camouflaged by aquatic weed and began to breed from the megalopa time, maintaining the same growth environment and appropriate growth. After 158 days of culture, A, B and C treatment weight increased by 1 273.00, 1 258.17 and 1 363.95 times respectively. C treatment index is the best treatment when growing into crab species. C treatment is significantly better than A and B treatments in weight, carapace length and carapace width (P<0.05). Treatment A survival rate is the highest, 1.40%and 3.00% higher than B and C treatments respectively. The comprehensive studies showed that the growth traits of wild large size female progenies were better than wild and breeding small size female progenies, and maternal effect existed. Breeding population can better adapt to the pond water culture environment than the wild populations.

Abstract:We studied the changes of Pseudosciaena crocea at the age of 8 months in growth and fatness along with the change of age which was fed in the low salinity (salinity of 5) conditions, indoor recirculating aquaculture and same age marine cage cultured (salinity of 35) Pseudosciaena crocea. The results show that the growth rate of weight of normal seawater salinity cage cultured large yellow croaker was significantly higher than that cultured in the desalination circulating water. And in two different culture conditions, the fatness of large yellow croaker fluctuates over time, and the degree of fatness in breeding season of large yellow croaker is higher than that in non-breeding season. The gonad of large yellow croaker which grew up in salinity of 5 seawater can develop to maturity, but the gonadosomatic index is lower than that of the one that grew up in normal seawater. Furthermore, the gonadal mature egg cell proportion of desalination group was significantly lower than that of normal seawater group of large yellow croaker. In general, this experiment laid the foundation for breeding and artificial propagation of large yellow croaker in desalination culture conditions.

Abstract:The appendicular skeleton and the aculeus were examined in larvae of tawny puffer(Takifugu flavidus) from hatching through 56 days after hatching (d. a. h) by the the clearing and staining technique of cartilage and bone. According to the observation, the vertebral column started to develop from neural arches at 5 d. a. h. cartilage dyeing started at 9 d. a. h, haemal arch appeared at 13 d. a. h, bony ring appeared at 17 d. a. h, and then was ossified from front to back. The vertebral column was ossified at 29 d. a. h. In developing sequence, pectoral fin was the earliest, the anal fin followed it, and then the tail fin. The pectoral fin started to develop from the appearance of pterygiophore primordium of the pectoral fin at 2 d. a. h. The cartilaginous pterygiophore of pectoral fin formed at 28 d. a. h., and the pectoral fin was basically ossified at 42 d. a. h.. Dorsal fin and anal fin appeared in the age of 9 d. a. h, and began to ossify in the same age of 29 d.a.h. Up to 38 days of age, they were completely ossified,and branch pterygiophores appeared. The caudal fin started to develop from the appearance of pterygiophore at the end of the notochord at 11 d. a. h, and was ossified at 38 d. a. h. During this period, there are some characters followed, like pterygiophore shifted, hypural and lateral hypural developed, sickle shaped trabecular bone emerged and so on. The aculeus began to develop at 4 d. a. h with the emergence of a small amount of belly aculeus, however the scalp aculeus appeared at 16 d. a. h. All of the belly aculeus ossified almost simultaneously, but the scalp aculeus were from front to back. This study can provide the basis for the function and adaptation research, system evolution and classification of tawny puffer during its early development.

Abstract:With the development of information technology and the scale of aquaculture, the traditional breeding mode will gradually be replaced by intelligent aquaculture. This paper puts forward an intelligent control system about dissolved oxygen in culture of Eriocheir sinensis based on Zigbee, and focuses on the study of the crab pond aeration control algorithm, aiming at the characteristics of nonlinear and dissolved oxygen changes large lag, uncertainty, big inertia, the PID control strategy is improved by fuzzy RBF neural network, and through the Matlab, RBF fuzzy neural network controller are simulated and compared with conventional PID controller and fuzzy PID controller,in the same time, fuzzy PID controller and the application of experimental comparison of fuzzy RBF neural network controller in a Chinese mitten crab breeding base. It prove that the fuzzy RBF controller can meet the control of Chinese mitten crab breeding oxygen requirements.

Abstract:In order to demonstrate macrozoobenthic community structure dynamics and conduct a biological evaluation of water quality in Qingcaosha Reservoir, seasonal samples were collected from January to December 2014 at 11 sampling sites. A total of 22 species belonging to 4 phyla, 14 families, and 19 genera were identified, including 7 polychaeta, 4 oligochaeta,3 arthropod, 5 molluscs and 1 nematomorpha. Dentinephtys glabra, Goniada japonica and Corophium volutator were the dominant species in Qingcaosha Reservoir. The mean annual density and biomass of macrozoobenthos were (160.30±90.15) ind/m² and (0.52±0.35) g/m², respectively. There were no significant differences in the macrobenthic density and biomass among the sampling sites and seasons (P>0.05). Based on the macrozoobenthic biodiversity index, biological pollution index (BPI) and Hilsenhoff biotic index (BI), there were no significant differences between stations and seasons. ABC curves, hierarchical clustering and MDS were used to analyze the data of community structure. The results showed that Qingcaosha Reservoir, suffering less disturbance, keeps a stable community structure.

Abstract:Three pilot sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were employed to treat aquaculture wastewater from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) stocking GIFT Oreochromis niloticus using biofloc technology (BFT), under three designed MLSS (1 500 mg/L, 3 000 mg/L, 5 000 mg/L). The results showed that, the effluent concentrations of ammonia (TAN), nitrate (NO₂^--N) and nitrate (NO₃^--N) in SBRs were (0.29-0.39) mg/L, (0.005-0.006) mg/L, and (7.11-7.60) mg/L, respectively; these average removal rates were 82.20%-86.20%, 98.40%, and 38.40%-40.00%, respectively (P>0.05); the volume removal loads were (2.51-2.64) g/(m³·d), (0.56±0.08) g/(m³·d), and (8.52-9.78) g/(m³·d); meanwhile, the removal rates and volume removal loads of solubility inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were 43.20%-44.60%, (10.25-11.61) g/(m³·d). However, the protein contents of flocs from SBRs showed no significant differences among the three groups, as 30.00%±1.32%, 29.87%±0.67%, and 31.00%±0.75%, respectively. The crude lipid contents were detected at 9.51%±0.94%, 4.37%±0.42%, and 3.65%±0.22%, and the crude ash content in 1 500 mg/L group is significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). Besides, analysis of high-throughput sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria accounted for the most phyla of bioflocs in SBRs (44.66%, 44.51%, 44.29%), followed by Bacteroidetes (13.89%, 13.98%, 14.07%); at the genus levels, Alishewanella, Blastocatella, Amaricoccus, Rhodobacteraceae_unclassified, Terrimonas and Devosia were identified to be the dominant genera. All the results suggest that the pilot SBRs have good effects on nitrogen removal, and will contribute to realizing the resource utilization of aquaculture wastewater.

Abstract:In recent years, with the booming development of marine economy, marine environment has been deteriorated. As the material carrier of developing marine economy, being polluted or damaged would lead to the stagnation of economic development. The effective implementation of the charging system is essential for the effect of the marine environmental governance.The execution of marine environmental pollution charges is restricted by a variety of factors both on internal and external sides. This paper is based on the perspective of relative stakeholders in the implementation process of marine environmental pollution charges. We would use the game theory to analyze these stakeholders behaviors, and we came to the result that there is a complex relationship between the execution of marine environmental pollution charges and economic growth, and it associated with the multi-stakeholders,then we put forward the following several countermeasures:improving the existing evaluation mechanisms, designing incentives in both positive and negative aspects and increasing inspection efforts,to promote the balance of interests between stakeholders and optimize the implementation of marine environmental pollution charges.

Abstract:The fish community structure and its biotic integrity are indispensable for effective fisheries management. The field surveys were conducted in Zhanjiang Bay waters every August from 2008 to 2012 using pair trawls. A total of 103 species were recorded, of which there were 58 species belonging to Perciformes, including 48 families, 17 orders. The catch per hour and numbers per hour ranged from 39.5 kg/h to 75.1 kg/h and from 1.0×10³ ind/h to 1.8×10⁴ ind/h respectively. Following were the community parameters:Sardinella jussieu was the dominant species for five years; the Margalef's species richness index (D) ranged from 3.34 to 5.03 and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') ranged from 3.34 to 5.03. The average annual biomass was about 93.04±26.44 t from 2008 to 2012. The values of F-IBI showed that the fish community structure was disturbed more severely in 2009 and 2010 than in other three years, and the biological integrity was slightly disturbed in the whole five years, whereas the 53.9% decrease of average body mass of fish from 2010 to 2012 compared with that from 2008 to 2009 indicated the overall decreasing tendency of fish size.

Abstract:In order to explore the characteristics and key factors of zooplankton community of two national aquatic germplasm reserves in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, samples were collected in winter of 2014. Results indicated a total of 57 zooplankton species were identified in the two germplasm reserves.Among them, 38 species of zooplankton including 22 species of Protozoan(57.89%), 7 species of Rotifers(18.42%), 6 species of Copepods(15.79%) and 3 species of Cladocera(7.89%)were found in the Huainan germplasm reserve;as well as 39 species of zooplankton including 23 species of Protozoan(58.97%), 6 species of Rotifers(15.38%), 7 species of Copepods(17.95%) and 3 species of Cladocera(7.69%) were found in the Jingtuxia germplasm reserve.Protozoa were on predominance in the two germplasm reserves (22 and 23 species respectively) and the dominant groups are ciliates with shell of Protozoa.The average density of zooplankton in Huainan germplasm reserve was (1313.17±500.53) ind./L, and (1601.46±669.02)ind./L in Jingtuxia germplasm reserve, while the average biomass was (0.23±0.12)mg/L and (0.41±0.50)mg/L respectively.According to the standard of diversity index evaluation, the two germplasm reserves were moderately polluted and the water quality in Jingtuxia germplasm reserve was better than that in Huainan germplasm reserve.The result of Redundancy Analysis(RDA) shows that Depth, Tur, pH and SD were the main factors which affected the zooplankton community structure of Huainan germplasm reserve. Simultaneously, T, TP, PO₄^3--P,Chl.a, and COD_Mn were proved to be the main driving factors which influenced the zooplankton community structure of Jingtuxia germplasm reserve.

Abstract:To achieve the seasonal variation and its ecological impact on the growth rate of blue mussel, the surface (3 m beneath the sea surface) water temperature of the mussel farms around the Gouqi Island was observed for several years. Additionally, the weight and the shell length of blue mussel were also sampled and measured for seven times during a culture cycle. The results showed that the maximum and minimum surface temperature was 29.2℃ and 4.6℃ during the observation, respectively. The amplitude of daily temperature oscillation could be more than 4℃ in the summer, and less than 2℃ in the spring and autumn. Between the weight and the monthly age, a polynomial regression was found as W=0.000 6M⁴+0.006 4M³-0.132 6M²+0.859 9M+0.656 8 (R²=0.999 1). Meanwhile, the polynomial regression between the shell length and the monthly age was found as L=0.000 8M⁴+0.057 7M³-1.099 7M²+7.536 6M+20.044 (R²=0.998 9). The regression relation between the weight growth rate and water temperature is exponential as Rw=0.102 8e^{0.119 5T}(R²=0.741 3). The correlation coefficient is higher when the regression relation between mussel growth rate and water temperature is recalculated by two parts. The exponential relationship is Rw1=0.1488e^0.0683T(R²=0.9360) from October to March of the next year, and Rw2=0.118 8e^{0.128 9T}(R²=0.993 2) from April to August. The regression equation between the shell length growth rate and water temperature is exponential as Rl=0.548 3e^0.1043T(R²=0.952 9). Surface water temperature in the mussel farms around the Gouqi Island varied significantly at the same time between different years. Spring and summer are the important seasons of mussels' growth, continuous relative lower temperature during these two seasons can affect mussel production greatly. The in situ observation of surface water temperature is recommended for the mussel aquaculture,and it could help to adjust culture tactics of blue mussel.

Abstract:To clarify the community structure and seasonal changes of surface zooplankton in the north shore of Hangzhou Bay,as well as the relationship with environmental factors, zooplankton were collected at 10 stations in the north area(121°45'-122°09'E,30°45'-30°51'N)by a larvae net (130 cm mouth-diameter,0.5 mm mesh-aperture) during the spring tide each month in August and November 2014,February and May 2015. In this research, a total of 42 species were collected, of which 10 were dominant species. 7 dominant species were identified in Autumn(the most) and 4 dominant species were identified in summer (the least). However, only Labidocera euchaeta, Pseudodiaptomus poplesia and Tortanus vermiculus were the common dominant species in four seasons. The highest mean biomass and abundance of zooplankton were in summer and the lowest were in winter. The results indicated the zooplankton in the north shore of Hangzhou Bay could be divided into four ecotypes:freshwater group,estuarine group, inshore low salinity group and eurytopic group. The analysis from SPSS showed that the seasonal changes of zooplankton community were obviously affected by salinity, water temperature, Chl.a and DO.However, water temperature and salinity were the two key factors for community structure.

Abstract:Because of the continuous fishing in high intensity for decades, bluefin tuna resources are in a state of deep recession. Analysing the development status of the bluefin tuna resources in the Atlantic through the catches data, and combining with regional fishery management system and maintenance measures, we discussed the problems and deficiencies in the management of Atlantic bluefin tuna. The results showed that:Each country always neglects the scientific advice for total allowable catch for the sake of their own interests, and the final total allowable catch setting by The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas exceeds the amount that scientists recommended; Existing quota system is unfair and deviating from the principle of fairness with the international law, so it has failed to encourage the members to take active conservation measures; The supervision by The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas for Atlantic bluefin tuna fishing activities is the weak link in the management process, and failed to curb illegal fishing effectively because of lack of an effective enforcement mechanism. We put forward following proposals:To improve the current situation that total allowable catches is set too high, conforming to the goal that setting for total allowable catch to make the resources achieve the maximum sustainable yield; To improve the quota allocation mechanism, and ensure the fair and reasonable utilization of Atlantic bluefin tuna resources; Strengthen the supervision for fishing activities of Atlantic bluefin tuna, and improve the mechanism of the fishing management to push members to perform its obligations.

Abstract:Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method for analysis of total proteins from Streptomyces roseolus was established in this paper as follows:IPG strips with pH 4-7, 2D clean-up kit purification protocol, 80 μg protein sample volume and silver staining. 2D-gels were obtained with low background, high resolution, good reproducibility and without obvious stripes. The 2-DE maps of total proteins from S. roseolus by induction of chitosan were analyzed by ImageMaster2D Platinum7.0, which showed 723±14 clearly visible protein spots. Compared with 2-DE maps of total proteins from S. roseolus incubated with no induction, 18 proteins detected in induced strain were in differential expression. Among these, 14 proteins were up-regulated and 4 proteins were down-regulated. 10 proteins whose expression levels differed more than 5 times were selected and identified by mass spectrometry. The results showed that the expressions of proteins such as elongation factor Tu, RNA polymerase, chaperone and so on were increased when incubating with chitosan, which suggested that they may be involved in the process of chitosan metabolism in S. roseolus.

Abstract:The structure of fingerling industry, which derives from the long-term development and optimization of industry chain, directly affects the benefits of aquaculture. The longer the chain, the more obvious economic division could be. However, accompanied by longer chain and increased costs, more attention should be paid to the tradeoff between divisional economic benefits and transaction fees. Different companies have different industrial chain links, and those formed different industrial chain modes. Comparison of the effectiveness under varying degrees of specialization is conducive to adjust and optimize the industrial structure, with a goal to reach the optimal balance, thus contributing to the development of the industry. In this paper, flatfish is chosen as an example based on the data of year 2013, factor costs, benefits and capital rates of return were compared with each other under two modes:raising fingerlings and adult fish together and raising fingerlings and adult fish separately. The results showed that:(1) Diversification has been in favor of cost-sharing, mainly in lowering variable costs; (2) On the current technical level, the higher the degree of specialization, the higher unit net income and the higher return on capital. Combined with the actual situation, the following recommendations are given:Related departments have to establish a reasonable market to improve the degree of specialization for accelerating industrial structure transformation of aquatic fingerling industry; Aquaculture producers have to strengthen technological innovation and scientific management to increase revenues.