Abstract:In our study, for a better understanding of the role regarding UBE2r in the development of gonad in crawfish, the full length cDNA of Procambarus clarkii UBE2r gene (Pc-UBE2r) were cloned and characterized. The full-length Pc-UBE2r cDNA sequence obtained was 3671 base pairs (bp) including 554 bp of 5'-UTR and 2 389 bp in 3'-UTR, while containing an open reading frame of 729 bp encoding a protein of 242 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 27.6 ku. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the Pc-UBE2r gene had a conserved domain specified in ubiquitin proteasome family and Cys94 sites. The homology and phylogenetic analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of UBE2r shared high homology in different species and the highest conservation with Marsupenaeus japonicus. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Pc-UBE2r was distributed in various tissues, while its expression in the ovary and testis was significantly higher than other tissues (P<0.05). In the development of ovary, the expression of Pc-UBE2r was the lowest in the non-developmental stage, and increased rapidly in the previtellogenic stage. With the maturity of the ovary, the expression of Pc-UBE2r decreased gradually. Meanwhile, during the development of testis, the expression of Pc-UBE2r was proven highest in the spermatocyte generation stage. In our in situ hybridization experimental procedure, the positive signal of Pc-UBE2r was observed uniformly distributed in the oocyte cytoplasm in the non-developmental stage of the ovary. With the development of the ovary, the positive signals of Pc-UBE2r surrounded the oocyte nucleus and follicle cells can be found. In the testis, the positive signals were mainly distributed in the secondary spermatocytes. Besides, Western blotting analysis exhibited that the expression distributions of UBE2r in tissues were significantly different, but remained highl in ovary and testis (P<0.05). Overall, the experimental results demonstrated that Pc-UBE2r may play an important role in the gametogenesis and gonadal development of crawfish.

Abstract:This experiment studied the effect of acute handling stress on serum biochemical parameters and HSP70mRNA level in gill and liver of Alosa sapidissima broodstocks. The air exposure was applied in the acute handling stress of Alosa sapidissima broodstocks. This experiment set one stressless control group and three different intensity stress groups, separately exposed air 15 s, 30 s and 60 s. Serum cortisol(COR), triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4), glucose(GLU), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lysozyme (LZM), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, Ca²⁺ concentrations and gill, liver HSP70 mRNA level were determined after sampling. The results showed that compared with the control group, the treatment group had the following serum biochemical parameters significantly increased: COR, ALT, AST, GST, LZM, SOD, MDA, GLU, TG, TC, TP, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ (P<0.05). CAT and T4 decreased significantly(P<0.05) after air exposure, while T3, Na⁺ and Cl^- had no significant difference(P>0.05). The changes in serum biochemical parameters indicate that the liver and heart of the Alosa sapidissima damage index significantly increased, suggesting that liver and heart may have been damaged to a certain extent. Additionally, compared with the control group, there was no significant change in gill HSP70 mRNA level in the experimental group (P>0.05). Liver HSP70 mRNA level in 15s, 30s and 60s were significantly higher in the exposed group (P<0.05). Acute handling stress can improve the level of HSP70 mRNA in liver.

Abstract:When studying molecular phylogenetics of fishes, we often encounter difficulty in collecting fresh samples of rare species; in the meaning time there are a large number of specimens stored in museum collections that could not be used due to formalin treatment on those specimens. For example, the Acipenseriformes. In order to study taxonomy and get the mitochondrial genome of formalin-fixed sturgeon specimens, we tested a new strategy of determining mitochondrial genome sequence from formalin-fixed samples. We treated muscle sample of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) with formalin for different length of time, 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 10 days, 30 days and 150 days. We then extracted DNA from those samples using an ancient DNA method, captured and sequenced the mitochondrial genome of all samples using homemade biotinylated baits and Illumina sequencing. The ratio of on-target reads was above 45% for all samples. The genome sequences assembled are 16 524 bp in length, with 100% coverage and zero error rate. We also studied the relationship between DNA fragmentation and time used for formalin treatment. The results showed that when the length of the target amplicon was 650 bp, it could be amplified only in sample treated with formalin for 1-hour . When the length of the amplicons was 41 bp, 129 bp or 305 bp, a trace of product could be amplified for samples treated with formalin for up to 150 days. According to Q-ratio scores (the ratio between different size amplicon and the 41 bp amplicon), we found that the longer of formalin fixation time was, the lower Q-ratio score became. In other word, the longer of formalin-fixed time was, the greater degree of DNA fragmentation occurred. These results can augment usefulness of DNA extraction from formalin-fixed samples in molecular studies.

Abstract:The extension of maturing time of second-year Eriocheir sinensis is one of the important breeding goals, and the early-maturing (EM) and late-maturing (LM) of second-year E. sinensis have been mass selected to the third generation (G3), but their juvenile culture performance is not evaluated to date. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the culture performance of EM, LM and non-selective populations (as the control) during the juvenile culture stage of E. sinensis based on the methods of selective breeding, culture experiments and regular sampling. The results showed that: (1) The females of EM had the significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those of LM during the periods of Jul. to Aug. and Sep. to Oct. (P<0.05). Despite of males or females, the WGR of LM was significantly lower than that of control treatment during the period of Jul. to Oct. (P<0.05), and the order of WGR for three populations was control > EM > LM throughout the experiment(P> 0.05). (2) The similar survival was detected between EM and LM juveniles, however, the significantly higher survival was found in LM than the control treatment; The final mean weight of EM was significantly higher than that of LM juveniles, and the final body weight of control treatment was between EM and LM; In harvest, the juvenile production order of the three populations was EM> LM> control. (3) As for the size distribution of juvenile crabs, the body weight of most juveniles were concentrated on the ranges of 0-3 g and 3-6 g, and LM had the highest percentages in those two ranges. In conclusion, EM population showed the faster growth than the other two populations, resulting in the greater final average body weight and higher yield during juvenile crab culture stage, and LM had the significantly higher survival than control treatment; therefore, two selective populations of E. sinensis have their good traits during the juvenile culture stage.

Abstract:To study the relationship between growth,molt and effective accumulated temperature of the Eriocheir sinensis, the cages were placed in the middle of the ecology pond to culture E. sinensis. The temperature logger underwater penetration of the probe is 20 cm, and cleaned once a week, with record time interval for 20 minutes at a time. Check at least every morning and evening once a day. Each cage stocked 500 Megalopa, Altemanthena philoxeroides were hidden objects, breeding with same and suitable growth environment. Excel and SPSS 22.0 software are applied for statistics analyses of data. After 158 days of cultivation, juvenile crab molted 11 times and developed into the crab. The average survival rate was 28.43%±4.61%, the average temperature was (24.4±0.05)℃, the total effective accumulated temperature was (3040.4±244.16)℃·d, and with the E. sinensis molt, the growth trend of effective accumulated temperature is mostly close to exponential function(y=40.942e^0.2655x, R²=0.9904). The growth trend of cumulative effective accumulated temperature was mostly close to the polynomial(y=33.336x²-115.05x+196.14, R²=0.997 8). With the growth of the effective accumulated temperature, the specific growth rate showed exponential growth of relations(y=20.926e^-0.005x, R²=0.933 3). The correlation between cumulative effective accumulated temperature and shell length, shell width, body height is very significant. With the growth of the cumulative effective accumulated temperature, shell length, shell width, and body height showed exponential growth of relations.

Abstract:We studied the effects of different water temperature (17, 21, 25, 29, 33 ℃) and the fluctuating temperature (25±0, 25±2, 25±3, 25±4, 25±5 ℃) on the growth,pigment,POD,SOD and MDA of Halymenia sinesis. The results show:(1) the suitable temperature for H. sinesis growth was 17-29 ℃ with 25 ℃ and (±2, ±3 ℃) temperature fluctuation as the optimum growth temperature. When the temperature was above 29 ℃, the H. sinesis become soft and light color; above 33 ℃, the H. sinesis rotted locally.(2) The POD, SOD and MDA were stable when the temperature was below 25 ℃ and above 17 ℃.But they increased soon at 29 ℃or rise at first and decline from the fifth day at 33 ℃,which indicates that the H. sinesis suffered serious stress, so its cells damaged and decayed.(3) Compared with 25 ℃, the POD, SOD and MDA changes are stable in (±2, ±3 ℃) temperature range, and (25±3 ℃)﹥(25±2 ℃)﹥25 ℃.In addition, the change is severe in (±4, ±5 ℃) temperature range, and(25±5 ℃)﹥(25±4 ℃). To sum up, the H. sinesis can adapt to small temperature fluctuation. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the damage to H. sinesis.

Abstract:Sewage purification by microalgae coupled with microalgal biodiesel production is the highlight of the microalgae technology. This paper studied the growth and lipid characteristics of a high ammonia tolerant microalgae, Chlorococcum sp.,which was cultured at 20,25,30,35 and 40 ℃ respectively for 7 days. The initial inoculation density was 300×10⁴ cells/mL. The result showed that the growth performance of Chlorococcum sp. was affected significantly by culture temperature. The cell density and biomass first increased then decreased along with the increasing temperature. The peaks of cell density and biomass were 3 604×10⁴ cells/mL and 0.92 g/L respectively, which appeared at 35 ℃.The analysis on lipid characteristics of the biomass revealed that the lipid content and lipid yield also first increased, then decreased along with the increasing temperature. The peaks of lipid content and lipid yield appeared at 35 ℃ and were 23.67% and 21.65 mg/L respectively. The saturated fatty acid content in microalgae first increased, then decreased while the poly-unsaturated fatty acid content always decreased along with the increasing temperature. It is therefore suggested that 30-35 ℃ is the suitable culture temperature for Chlorococcum sp.cultivation.

Abstract:A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high plant protein diets with taurine and fish protein hydrolysate on the lipid accumulation of juvenile turbot (initial body weight 4.16±0.01 g). Three experimental diets were formulated. The control diet (C) contained 30% fishmeal. After half of the fish meal in the control diet was replaced by plant protein sources, 0.8% taurine was added to formulate the second diet (HT). 7% fish meal in diet HT was further replaced with fish protein hydrolysate to formulate the third diet (HTPH). The feeding trail was conducted in indoor flowing seawater system. Each diet was assigned to quadruplicate groups of 25 fish. The results showed that compared to groups C and HT, group HTPH significantly reduced the whole-body neutral lipid content and the hepatosmatic index. Compared to the control group, groups HT and HTPH significantly increased the whole-body moisture content, but significantly reduced the neutral and total lipid content in liver. Compared to the control group, the polar and total lipid was significantly reduced only in group HTPH. No significant difference was observed in gut lipid contents among dietary treatments. The contents of triglyceride and cholesterol in serum of group HTPH were significantly lower compared to the control group. Groups HT and HTPH tend to reduce the concentration of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, but increase the concentrations of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6 and C18:3n-3. These results suggested that high plant protein diets supplemented with taurine reduced the lipid accumulation in turbot liver, and further use of fish protein hydrolysate reduced the neutral and total lipid content in whole body, liver, muscle, and serum of juvenile turbot.

Abstract:In order to explore whether it is feasible for Bacillus subtilis to replace antibiotics to be applied in juvenile common carp feed, an 8 week feeding trial was under conducted with adding Flavomycin(4 mg/kg)(G1), Quinocetone(125 mg/kg)(G2) and Bacillus subtilis(300 mg/kg)(G3) to feed initial body weight of (24.39±0.30)g. The results showed that, compared with the control group, Bacillus subtilis had great promotion on growth performance and digestive enzymes activity, besides, it can also improved the LSZ activity and reduced the GOT and GPT activity(P<0.05). But the two antibiotics groups all had no function in promoting growth performance(P>0.05), whereas, the Flavomycin group can increase the activity of protease and lipase of hindgut and amylase of hepatopancreas(P<0.05),and the Quinocetone group had no funcition in this aspect(P>0.05). What's more, the two groups adding antibiotics both can increase the LSZ activity(P<0.05), and the Flavomycin can reduce the GOT and GPT activity significantly(P<0.05), and the SOD activity was extraordinarily higher in Quinocetone group(P<0.05). Besides, compared with the antibiotics groups, we can find that the amylase and lipase activities of hindgut of Bacillus subtilis group were super higher than the Flavomycin group(P<0.05), and it had better promoting digestion ability than Quinocetone. Whatever , the SOD and AKP were greatly higher than Flavomycin(P<0.05),and the GOT and GPT activities were significantly decreased than Quinocetone group(P<0.05). So we can conclude that Bacillus subtilis had better function on promoting growth performance , increasing digest enzyme activity, and it also significantlty influenced the immune serum enzymes activity. So we can use Bacillus subtilis to replace these two kinds of antibiotics to be applied in juvenile common carp feed.

Abstract:The present study was conducted to compare the muscle composition of wild discus fish Symphysodon sp., and cultured discus fish fed beef heart burger diet and formula diet. Results showed that crude protein content in muscle of wild discus fish was significantly higher, and crude fat content was significantly lower than that in cultured discus fish (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in moisture and ash contents among the three groups (P>0.05). Seventeen kinds of amino acids were measured in the muscle of the three types of fish. Glu had the highest value among all amino acids, and Lys had the highest value among essential amino acids. Both wild and cultured discus fishes had 19 kinds of fatty acids, which shared the similar fatty acids mode. C16: 0, C18: 1 and C20: 4 had the highest level in SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, respectively. The EPA and DHA contents in three discus fishes ranged from 0.93% to 1.86% and from 1.57% to 2.35%, respectively. The result provided the academic basis to infer the nutritional requirement and develop formulated feed for discus fish.

Abstract:To study the influence of three common water plants decomposition on water quality in crab eco-culture pond, a 60-day interior simulation experiment was carried out in barrels. The results indicated that decomposition rates of three kinds of plants have the same characteristics, it was rapid in the early but slow in the middle and later periods. But they were different, the decomposition rate of Hydrilla verticillata and Elodea nuttallii were approximated and faster than Ceratophyllum demersum. At the end of experiment, the mass loss rate of Hydrilla verticillata, Elodea nuttalliiare and Ceratophyllum demersum were 72.3%±2.1%,71.7%±1.5% and 58.3%±0.6% . Water quality factors changed obviously in the early of decomposition and water was from neutral to acid. COD increased by about 4.5 times than start in the water of three kinds of water plants and the water was yellow and smelly. DO was greatly consumed, the water was in a hypoxic or anaerobic environment. Denitrification was promoted, so NO₃^--N decreased rapidly but NO₂^--N and NH₄⁺-N increased rapidly, which NH₄⁺-N was six times than initial concentration. TN and TP increased significantly and TP was the biggest change in all the water factors. The TP increased about 123,124 and 66 times in the water of Hydrilla verticillata、Elodea nuttallii and Ceratophyllum demersum on the third day. Along with the experiment, part of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water deposited into the sediment. So, the large biomass residues of submerged plants should be controlled avoid secondary pollution caused by excessive decomposition of submerged plants.

Abstract:Pomacanthidae is one of the main groups of tropical coral reef fish. Because of the color gorgeous appearance and elegant body shape, it is called angelfish. Pomacanthidae is a kind of international famous ornamental fish, 8 genera and 89 species have been recorded in the world. This paper comprehensively reviews the research history of Pomacanthidae fishes in the world, and summarizes the classification and phylogenetic relationships among the genera. Based on the measurement and examination of the collected specimens of the main fish specimens in China, combined with the literature and synonym research, this paper found that the Pomacanthidae in China has 7 genera and 30 species. These species are all distributed in the vicinity of the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait, indicating that the South China Sea is one of the main distribution areas of Pomacanthidae in the world. An identification key to Chinese Pomacanthidae comprising 7 genera and 30 species is made here.

Abstract:Sea turtles are important to the marine ecosystem. But there are only 7 species in 2 families and 6 genera that survived all over the world. And all of them are endangered now. The international community has attached great importance to the turtle conservation. The marine fishing activity often catches sea turtles accidentally. The shrimp trawl, gillnet and long-line fishery are the main power to by-catch. Nowadays, the international society has developed legal and policy frameworks that dominated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the regional fishery organizations and each government for the main force of management. Some useful resolution documents have been passed to conserve the sea turtle and reduce their incidental catch or harm. The main control measures are: the training of fishermen, modifying the fishing methods and gears, information reporting, observer program, port state control, regulating fishing logs and the policy of marine protection area. The technical measures are: turtle excluder devices (TEDs) of trawl fishing, narrow nets or increasing tie-down length in gillnet fisheries, and the circle hooks or mackerel baits in long-line fisheries. All the measures have made a positive effect. But the fishery management or scientific research in China is not much involved in these problems, and the lack of specific laws or regulations in this area needs to be perfected urgently. The advices are: (1) Popularize the concept of ecosystem based fishery management (EBFM); (2)Strengthen the cooperation of information communication continually; (3)Formulate a feasible standard, and use the market mechanism; (4)Use the appropriate control measures, and combined with other measures; (5)Training fishermen and promoting the conservation concept. China has started to attach importance to the development of sustainable fisheries. So it provides an opportunity to regulate the ocean fishing activities and to reduce the incidental catch or harm of sea turtles. How to catch up with the international management system, and how to create a win-win situation between ocean biodiversity and the livelihood of fishermen, must be considered.

Abstract:The Antarctic Ice Shelf Water is generated by the ocean-ice shelf interaction and its temperature is lower than the freezing point. Compared with the surrounding water, it is relatively colder and saltier. Thus it can be a good indicator to estimate the mass balance of Amery Ice Shelf. Based on the observation by the Australian Amery Ice Shelf Ocean Research (AMISOR) from 2001 to 2002, the seasonal variation and Sverdrup transport of Ice Shelf Water at Amery Ice Shelf were expounded. The CTD results showed that the ice shelf water is generally distributed in the western, central and eastern front edges of the Amery Ice Shelf in summer, and the water in the western part was more intense and widespread. From the observations of the mooring buoy, it is known that the spatial distribution of ice shelf water presents remarkable seasonal variation. In winter, ice shelf water is mainly distributed to the west of 71.0°E as well as between 71.5°E and 72.5°E of the Amery Ice Shelf with the principal character of outflow. In summer, in spite of the area between 71.5°E and 72.5°E is still occupied by the ice shelf water, it is also distributed to the east of 73.5°E of the Amery Ice Shelf with the principal character of inflow. Compared with the inflow to the east of Amery Ice Shelf, the outflow from the west of Amery Ice Shelf is much stronger. Thus, the ice shelf water is dominated by discharging from the bottom of Amery Ice Shelf to the Prydz Bay throughout the year.

Abstract:According to the survey data from Integrated Investigation and Assessment of Shanghai Coastal Ocean (908 Project for short), as well as the related remote sensing images, statistical yearbook and research data by scholars in recent years, we established the layered index system and analyzed the index weight to the ecological carrying capacity of Dajinshan Island by using Analytic Hierarchy Process. The membership degree value of each index was calculated through Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation to quantitatively analyze the correlation between ecological carrying capacity and ecological resilience, carrying capacity of resources, and ecosystem stress. This study shows that the maximum membership degree of the ecological resilience, carrying capacity of resources and ecosystem stress of Dajinshan Island are 0.36, 0.48 and 0.86, respectively, and the ratings are all excellent. And the maximum membership degree of total ecological carrying capacity is 0.49, and the rating is excellent. We conclude that ecological carrying capacity is generally positively correlated with the carrying capacity of resources and ecological resilience, while it is negatively correlated with ecosystem stress.

Abstract:To optimize the formulation and preparation technology of Fungi Fibrinolytic Compound 1 (FGFC1) powder injection by experiments, the appearance, drug content, water content, redissolving time and pH of the freeze-dried FGFC1 powder were investigated to determine the best formulation and preparation technology. When the formulation craft is FGFC1: Sodium citrate: mannitol = 1:3:10, -48 ℃ freeze-dried for 48 h, the appearance of the powder injection is well, the average redissolving time is (15.33±1.53) s, pH =6.86±0.03, concentration of FGFC1 has no obvious change in glucose injection and mannitol injection. This freeze-dried power is stable in high humidity conditions, and has a certain degree of degradation at high temperature and strong light environment, and drug properties are very stable under low temperature conditions. The FGFC1 freeze-dried power formulation is reasonable, and the preparation technology is feasible.

Abstract:In this study, the ability of removing superoxide anion,hydroxyl free radical and DPPH was taken as an index to study the antioxidant activities of three kinds of polypeptide in vitro obtained by hydrolysis of Euphausia superba using three different kinds of protease(papain, alkaline protease, trypsin), respectively. As can be seen from the experimental data, the antioxidant activity of polypeptide prepared by papain hydrolysis of Euphausia superba is best, followed by alkaline protease.With the response surface method to optimize the peptide preparation technology of Euphausia superba using papain,and the molecular weight of the peptide was determined by gel electrophoresis.The results show that the protein peptide has three distinct bands, the molecular weight of which is 3-7 ku. Polypeptide solution was defluorinated through the ultrafiltration system.According to molecular weight (molecular weight, MW) size into MW≥10 ku, 5~10 ku, MW≤5 ku three peptides,then we compared the strength of its antioxidant activity.In the experimental system, three different molecular weight peptides have different ability to remove superoxide anion, hydroxyl free radical and DPPH.With the increase of the concentration of peptides, the scavenging ability increased, which was obviously dose-dependent.

Abstract:Automatic bait feeding in shrimp pond is an inexorable trend. Mobile autonomous feeding is one of the feasible technical solutions. Evenly throwing and low crushing rate are the basic requirements. To achieve these goals, optimization was conducted on the most popular throwing tray style feeding machine. The hinged four-bar linkage of the feeding system was optimally analyzed in geometry through blocking vector polygon method, and the optimal eccentricity was obtained. The motion tracks of different bending curve bait throwing trays are analyzed. The optimal curve is acquired by bait experiment data analysis. Throwing tests provided the bait density distribution data before and after device optimization. According to the t-test statistics analysis, the uniformity of bait was improved obviously, and the crushing rate was significantly reduced as well. Optimized mobile feeding machine bait throwing experiment was conducted in shrimp pond. Results show the leakage quantity and bait crushing rate were dramatically decreased and the bait throwing homogeneity was improved, which set solid basis for the wide application of the mobile feeding machine.