Abstract:During eye development, pax6 and tbx3 define retina field, and rx1 defines optic cup field. We investigated whether pax6, rx1 and tbx3 expressed differently between left and right retinas in Paralichthys olivaceus. Quantity RT-PCR showed that pax6, tbx3and rx1 began to express at 20 hours past fertilization. The whole mount RNA in situ hybridization further showed that pax6 expressed mainly in the left and right retinas, and the expression region of left retina is a little bigger than that in right retina. The signal of tbx3 and rx1 was seen in the retina and their expressional region showed no visible difference between left and right retinas. The difference in expression region of pax6 between left and right retinas reminds us whether there exists a possibility that the difference will cause cell number difference between supraorbital and suborbital areas, which finally causes eye migration through the induction of thyroid hormone during metamorphosis.

Abstract:In this study, genetic analysis was performed for five new red body color bream mutants (two males and three females) from the natural environment. By measure countable morphological traits, the soft ray number of dorsal fin, the spine number of dorsal fin and anal fin in red color bream mutants are 14, 2 and 2 respectively, whereas those in other 6 Megalobrama and Parabramis species (M. terminalis from Dong river, M. terminalis from Qiantang river, M. hoffmanni, M. amblycephala, M. pellegrini and P. pekinensis) are 16-19, 3 and 3, respectively. Principal component analysis show the red color bream mutants have a close relationship with M. amblycephala based on 9 measurable proportion parameters and 20 frame parameters. Microsatellites analysis demonstrated that the red color bream mutants and M. amblycephala firstly grouped together, and their genetic distance was 0.3094. The genetic distance between the red color bream mutants and P. pekinensis was 3.7439, which was the farthest. Finally, the genetic similarity between the red bream mutants and M. amblycephala, M. terminalis, P. pekinensis, Sinibrama macrops, Culter alburnus, Chanodichthys mongolicus, Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio are 99%,95%,95%,94%,94%,93%,86%,86% and 82% respectively, by sequence analysis from mitochondria COX1 and COX2 genes. Cluster analysis results also show the highly close relationship between the red bream mutants and M. amblycephala, indicating the red body mutants may have originated from M. amblycephala. The red M. amblycephala could provide valuable materials for future genetic breeding of M. amblycephala.

Abstract:The saturated ammonium sulfate method was used to crude-extract the IgM of channel catfish, then purifying the IgM using sulfur resin affinity chromatography, followed by immunizing the rabbit using the purified IgM and detecting the antibody titer of the rabbit anti-IgM serum using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We prepared the recombinant protein pSCPI based on the method used in Chapter 2, vaccinating the healthy catfish with the concentration of the antigen protein 1 μg/g fish, 2 μg/g and 3 μg/g fish, respectively and with PBS as a control. We detected the antibody level of the specific antibody produced by the vaccinated catfish at 21,28,35,42 and 49 days post-vaccination, and challenged with the S.iniae DGX07 at 4 weeks post-vaccination. The results showed that: the purified IgM heavy chain and light chain by using sulfur resin affinity chromatography were about 70 ku and 27 ku, separately. And the concentration of the IgM was up to 6.4 mg/mL, the antibody titer of the rabbit anti-IgM serum was 1∶51 200. Also we observed that the antibody level began to increase at 3 weeks post-vaccination and with the highest antibody level occurring at 4-week p.v., but it began to decline at 5-week p.v.. The antibody level of the antigen concentration with 3μg/g fish-vaccinated fish was highest at each examined time point, which had no significant difference compared with the 2 μg/g fish-vaccinated fish. In 1 μg/g, 2 μg/g and 3 μg/g fish-vaccinated fish, S. iniae DGX07 challenge caused accumulated mortality rates of 47.5%, 45% and 47.5% respectively, which corresponded to RPS rates of 40.63%, 43.75% and 40.63% respectively with PBS as a control. For all vaccination trials, examination of moribund fish indicated that S. iniae was the only type of bacterial strains isolated from S. iniae-challenged fish, suggesting that mortalities were caused by the challenging bacteria. All these results indicated that the recombinant protein pSCPI was effective and had a better immunoprotectivity, which could be used as a candidate subunit vaccine against S. iniae.

Abstract:In order to analyze the relationship between morphological traits and body weight of grass carp at different month ages, we measured morphometric traits at 2-month-old stage,4-month-old stage,6-month-old stage,and 12-month-old stage, respectively, in this study. The correlation analysis, path analysis and multiple regression were used to calculate correlation coefficient, path coefficient and the coefficient of determination between morphological traits and body weight. Correlation analysis showed that morphological traits and body weight of each month-old grass carp were significantly correlated (P<0.01). Path analysis showed that at 2-month-old stage and 6-month-old stage,the trait with strongest direct effect on body weight was the body height,but at 4-month-old stage,12-month-old stage, the trait with strongest direct effect on body weight was the body length, and at every stage the trait with strongest indirect effect on body weight was body width. The result of determinant coefficient analysis was consistent with that of path analysis. Partial regression coefficient significance test three morphological traits are highly significant, and at each stage the multiple regression equation relating the body weight can be established. Studies have shown that at 4-month-old stage and 12-month-old stage adjusted coefficient of determination is greater than 0.85, the major morphometric traits affecting body weight of grass carp at different growth stages have been identified. This study provided the basic data for grass carp at different growth stages of breeding.

Abstract:Artemia was incubated and then nutrient enrichment was conducted by the turbid liquid of biological flocculation(bio-floc) in the current experiment. The group using the artificial sea water was the control. We studied the survival, growth of Artemia nauplii in turbid liquid of bio-floc. The result was the survival of the group in bio-floc was higher than the control both on the fist day and the fifth day. the growth of the group in bio-floc was faster than the control both on the fist day and the fifth day, but on the third and fourth day was the opposite. Through the microscope, the intestinal contents of the group in floc significantly was more than the control group on the fifth day. That indicated Artemia can feed on floc or dissolved matter within the suspension. Biological floc is a kind of good food for Artemia. We analysed the aliphatic acid of Artemia nauplii, found that the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of Artemia nauplii in group using bio-floc were both higher than those of the control group. All showed that bio-floc can enrich Artemia nauplii.

Abstract:In this study, fertilized eggs and 3-28 day-old larvae of Liza haematocheila were selected as the research objects. The growth characteristics and changing trends of main digestive enzymes were researched. The relationship between total length or body mass and day old could be fixed to the exponential functions. The general correlation equation of total length and body mass was power function under artificial farming conditions, and the growth (in mass) in relation to total length was allometric. The activities of trypsin, pepsin, amylase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase could be detected in all test samples, while lipase activity could not be detected. Enzymes (except pepsin) activities were the lowest in fertilized eggs. Pepsin activity showed a rapid decrease from 3 to 16 day-old, and reached to the minimum level at 16day-old. Meanwhile, trypsin activity increased significantly at first, and reached the maximum level at 10 day-old, then bagan to decrease. Both pepsin and trypsin activities increased significantly from 16 day-old (P<0.05), and reached the maximum levels at 28 day-old. Amylase activity increased from 3 to 10 day-old and 22 to 28 day-old, respectively, and reached the maximum at 28 day-old. Both alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly from 3 to 7 day-old (P<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activity decreased from 7 to 22 day-old, while acid phosphatase activity remained stable. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities reached the maximum levels at 7 and 8 day-old, respectively. In conclusion, digestive enzymes were not caused by exogenous bait, and the activities were closely related to development stage and also were affected by external environment and feeding habit in different degrees.

Abstract:The distribution features of Ulva microscopic propagules in Jiangsu Porphya aquaculture regions from Dec. 2012 to Apr. 2013 were investigated. The result showed that in each month the high density zone of the Ulva microscopic propagules in investigated areas were widely distributed in Rudong inshore Porphyra acquaculture regions. In the investigated areas, the temporal distribution features of the number of Ulva microscopic propagules presented the trend of rising gradually. From Dec.2012 to Apr.2013 the average number of Ulva propagules in investigated areas was 56,71,471,550 and 1 049 ind/L. By using ITS sequence and 5S rDNA intervening sequence analysis and construction of phylogenetic tree, the molecular results showed that compositions of microscopic propagules were Ulva prolifera and Ulva flexuosa. By analyzing the species composition of Ulva microscopic propagules, we found that 2-4 months before the breakout of green tide Ulva microscopic propagules of the dominant species in the Yellow Sea green tide became the dominant species in Jiangsu Porphyra aquaculture regions. A large number of Ulva microscopic propagules could germinate rapidly with the rising of temperature at the late spring. Therefore we speculated that a large number of Ulva microscopic propagules that existed in Porphyra aquaculture regions in Jiangsu would provide seed bank for Yellow Sea green tides.

Abstract:In order to estimate the dietary Fe requirement of bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juvenile, 5 semi-purified diets with different Fe supplementation of 0,120,240,360,480 mg/kg(measured values of Fe contents in 5 diets were 391.40, 492.29, 585.98, 681.85, 776.46 mg/kg,respectively) were formulated with FeSO₄·H₂O as the Fe source. A total of 400 bluntnose black bream with an initial body weight of 50 g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 20 bluntnose black bream per replicate. Each group of fish was fed the diet for 43 days. The results showed as follows: when the Fe supplement amount in the feed was 124.55-130.18 mg/kg(the actual Fe content was 493.26-497.76 mg/kg), bluntnose black bream has the best growth effect. In this experiment,the daily feed intake of bluntnose black bream was 5.10 g/100g body weight /d, so the added Fe content of the feed in the 0.64-0.66 mg/100g weight /d(the total Fe content of the feed was 2.52-2.54 mg/100g weight /d). The survival rate, viscera index, scale weight / body weight, body weight / body length, vertebral bone weight / body weight were not significantly affected by dietary Fe content (P>0.05). But the 0 mg/kg group of vertebral bone length / body length was significantly lower than the 120 mg/kg group (P<0.05). Supplement of Fe is conducive to the growth of the spine of bluntnose black bream.

Abstract:The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of coated acid phytase in diets with various monocalcium phosphate levels on the growth performances, phosphorus (P) utilization, body composition and digestive enzyme activity of Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) with initial body weight of (12.8±0.2) g. Five diets were prepared as diets supplemented with 2.5%, 2.0%, or 1.6% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, and diets with 2 000 U/kg phytase supplementation in 2.0% or 1.6% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ diet. After 90 days feeding, the fish fed 2.5% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ diet had the highest weight gain (WG), the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body lipid content, and the fish fed 1.6% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ diet had the lowest growth and the highest body lipid content. The supplementation of phytase in 2.0% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ diet did not significantly affect the growth, P deposition and body composition, but improved P apparent digestibility and intestinal lipase activity. The supplementation of phytase in 1.6% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ diet significantly improved the growth, contents of body protein and ash,P deposition, and P apparent digestibility, and decreased FCR and body lipid content, but had no effects on intestinal digestive enzyme activity. Results above showed that the supplementation of phytase in 1.6% Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ diet could improve the growth and P utilization, and decrease the body lipid content of Jian carp.

Abstract:A 64-day feeding tiral was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental saccharicterpenin in diets on body composition, activity of intestinal enzymes, blood lipid and intestinal histology of juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Six isotrogenous and isolipidic practical diets was supplemented with six levels of saccharicterpenin, in which 0(D₀), 25(D₂₅), 50(D₅₀), 75(D₇₅), 100(D₁₀₀), 200(D₂₀₀) mg/kg saccharicterpenin were supplemented respectively. Results showed that: No significant difference was found in the moisture content and crude protein of whole fish and dorsal muscle(P>0.05). Crude lipid content of whole fish in D₁₀₀ and D₂₀₀ was significantly lower than that in D₀ group (P<0.05). Crude lipid content of dorsal muscle in D₇₅ was significantly higher than D₀ group (P<0.05). Crude ash of whole fish in D₂₅ and D₅₀ groups was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05), and D₂₀₀ group was significantly higher than D₂₅, D₅₀ and D₇₅ groups (P<0.05). Saturated fatty acid content and monounsaturated fatty acid content of dorsal muscle had no significant difference in each group with the increasing dietary saccharicterpenin(P>0.05). Except D₇₅ group, other groups of polyunsaturated fatty acid content were significantly higher than D₀ group(P<0.05). Serum triglyceride and total-cholesterol concentration decreased with increasing dietary saccharicterpenin levels, but only D₂₀₀ was significantly lower than D₀ group(P<0.05). No significant difference was found in LDL-cholesterol concentration in all groups(P>0.05). Trypsin activities of the intestine first increased significantly then declined as dietary saccharicterpenin level increased(P<0.05). Lipase activities in D₂₅-D₇₅ groups were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). No-significant difference in the amylase activity of intestine was found between groups(P>0.05). Microvilli length in D₅₀ group exhibited obviously higher than D₀ group. Mucosal fold length of the foregut tissue showed a remarkable ascending trend from D₂₅ to D₇₅ group(P<0.05). No-significant difference in intestinal villi length was observed from D₀ to D₁₀₀ group(P>0.05), however, D₅₀ group was significantly higher than D₂₀₀ group (P<0.05). Therefore we can draw that saccharicterpenin addition can effectively increase polyunsaturated fatty acid content, decrease blood lipid, improve the digestive enzymes activities and intestinal histology of juvenile turbot.

Abstract:From April 2011 to January 2012, we set one section in intertidal zones respectively in seaweed bed coast of Sargassum horneri and out-seaweed bed coast of Huokun'ao, Nanji islands, and surveyed the species and amount of intertidal macrobenthos, species biodiversity and the characteristics of community structure. In this survey, we totally identified 108 species, including 93 species of macrozoobenthos and 15 species of benthic macroalgae. The annual average biomass and abundance of mollusks, arthropods, polychetes, other animals and algae were not significantly different in seaweed bed and out-seaweed bed coast. There was no significant difference in annual average biomass and abundance of mollusks, arthropods, polychetes, other animals and algae of the two sections in high tidal zone and middle tidal zone, but in low tidal zone, the algae biomass of the seaweed bed coast was higher than that of the out-seaweed bed coast, the biomass and abundance of other groups had no significant difference. There was no significant difference in all seasons and all tidal zones in seaweed bed and out-seaweed bed coast, except spring, in which the algae biomass of low tidal zone in seaweed bed coast was higher than that in out-seaweed bed coast. The dominant species of intertidal in seaweed bed coast was Septifer virgatus, in out-seaweed bed coast were Septifer virgatus and Saccostrea echinata. There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in Shannon-Wiener (H'), Pielou (J) and the Margalef (d) in seaweed bed and out-seaweed bed coast. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis showed that the community structure was mainly related with seasons, but during the period when Sargassum horneri grew exuberantly, it was related with the seaweed bed, which suggested that the exuberant growth period of Sargassum horneri would affect the community structure.

Abstract:To explore the impact of dredged materials upon the marine ecological environment, surveys of water quality, sediments and marine organisms were conducted respectively at seventeen sites in Lianyungang dumping area and nearby waters in March, 2014. For the sake of study the sea area was divided into dumping zone, external dumping zone and mariculture zone. Marine pollutants and biological indicators of the three zones were compared in pairs with an aim to explore the status quo of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic communities and the differences in between. Hence a more comprehensive evaluation can be made over the impact of dredged materials upon the marine ecological environment. The survey results were presented as follows: (1)Dredged materials constituted the major source of heavy metals in the dumping zone, and exerted influence upon the external dumping zone under the diffusion effect. The heavy metals content in seawater and sediments ranked as dumping zone>external dumping zone>mariculture zone. (2) Indicators like chlorophyll a and phytoplankton did not differ much among the three zones, which implied that phytoplankton were not seriously affected by dredging activities. (3) By comparison the benthos in dumping zone displayed fewest species, relatively lower habitat density and biodiversity index, which indicated the obvious change in ecological environment and apparent negative impact from dredged materials in the zone.

Abstract:How to quantify the spatial distribution of soil Pb in urban area is a pending question for urban soil Pb research. In this study, along with an urban-rural gradient, variables of landscape metrics, demographic and economic attributes, traffic volumes, and road density are included to model the soil Pb distribution. Methods of soil Pb and landscape variables spatial interpolation, moving windows zonal statistics, and linear regression analysis are used to quantify the soil Pb distribution. Results show that Pb is not only affected by traffic, but also by the urbanizing rate. The stepwise linear regression model reveals that landscape shape index (LSI) and road density (RD) could account for 69% of soil Pb spatial variation, in which the accounted percentage of LSI, and RD are 56% and 13% separately. This indicates that more fragmented and more complexity of the landscape, the higher the road density, and then the higher the Pb value. Our research demonstrates that the gradient analysis is workable to illustrate the spatial heterogeneity of urbanization and the associated soil Pb distribution.

Abstract:In April, July, September and December, 2012, the investigations of macrobenthos in the Xiangshan Bay were carried out, and the macrobenthic dominant species, species diversity and community species composition were analyzed using the dominant species index (Y), Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H'), Margalef richness index (d) and Pielou evenness index (J'). We adopted the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix and MDS analysis of Xiangshan Bay macrobenthos community structure, pollution disturbance conditions analyzed by the ABC Curve method. The investigation showed that Nassarius semiplicatus became the dominant species and were four seasons dominant groups. Shannon-Weaver diversity index was broadly consistent with the distribution of Margalef abundance index horizontal distribution, and Pielou index changed compared to the Margalef richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity index changed little, indicating the various kinds of individuals in the community had little differences, evenly distributed between stations. Macrobenthic community was distributed mainly in the investigation area near the north coastal and central had higher similarities, and near the south coastal stations similarity wiht the same, marine environment different with the habitats formed, and then distributed in the community structure formed of two different groups. The results of ABC Curve method indicated that in April, July macrobenthic community was not polluted and September and December had slight polluted disturbance. The main factors were connected with thermal discharge, industrial waste emissions, natural coastline and reduced wetlands aera.

Abstract:Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a key part of ecosystem level fisheries management. Based on productivity and sensitivity analysis (PSA) method, ecological risk assessment of 12 species caught in tuna longline fishery was conducted. The result showed that the productivity score ranged from 1.2 to 2.05,with Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) having the highest score; sensitivity score ranged from 1.42 to 1.92, bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) having the highest score; vulnerability score ranged from 1.16 to 1.85, longfin mako shark (Carcharhinus longimauns) having the highest score. Ecological risk assessment indicated that Sharks (blue shark (Prionace glauca), bigeye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus), shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), longfin mako shark (Isurus paucus ), Oceanic whitetip shark(Thunnus alalunga), smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) were in moderate risk status, while the target species-bigeye tuna was in a low-risk status in the tropical Atlantic longline fishery. In addition, There was no significant difference(P>0.05) between target species and other fish species on productivity, susceptibility and vulnerability scores.

Abstract:A bottom trawl investigation was conducted for selective test of Parimichthys polyactis by using diamond mesh codend 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80mm in the East China Sea in August 2014. By using cover-net method, the catching data were analyzed and selective parameters were estimated by using the logistic equation with the maximum likelihood method. The results show that: (1)when the mesh sizes were 50mm and 55mm, a large number of the commercial juveniles of the same year are caught; (2) According to the Logistic curve, Parimichthys polyactis average body length and weight increased gradually with the mesh size became larger; (3)The longer the trawl towed, the more obvious blocking effect, which contributed to a serious impact on non-target fish escape rate; (4)Based on the relation 50% retention length with mesh sizes of codend, the linear regression equation of the Parimichthys polyactis is L_0.5=2.625M-30.7(R²=0.915). Based on the previous research and the existing catch standard, together with fishery production, the appropriate trawl mesh size is 60mm or bigger.

Abstract:The POM model with the high resolution is used to reproduce the principal tidal constituents of M₂,S₂, K₁, O₁ in the Bohai Sea(117.5°E-122.5°E,37°N-41°N). The model results are compared with observations at 19 tide gauge stations and show the reasonable consistency. Bohai Sea is mainly dominated by the semi-diurnal tides, and M₂ constituent plays the leading role. The maximum possible tidal range is great along Bohai Sea coast and at the top of gulves, while small in the center area of Bohai Sea. Bohai Sea has the feature of semi-diurnal flow and M₂ constituent tidal flow is the strongest with a max flow velocity of 96cm/s. The results show that the tide current is rotary in the center area of Bohai Sea and rectilinear current in three bays. What's more, the maximum possible speed range of the tidal flow is especially strong in the Lao Tieshan channel, the Long Island and the area near Yellow River Estuary.

Abstract:Screening a few microbes that can ferment by-product of fish processing into useful nutrients for plant. We selected 44 microbes from fertilizer of microbes, soil and corrupted fish, then we chose microbes by some experiments,such as, single fermented experiment, the experiment of nitrogen fixation, insoluble-potassium solubilization and insoluble-phosphate solubilization simultaneously and collaborative antagonism experiment. Then microbes were identified by morphological observation,physiological and biochemical experiments and building the cluster trees based on 16S rDNA or 18S rDNA sequence data of the strains. Finally, GP2 is Acidovorax, GS4 is Pseudomonas sp., ZP1 is Aspergillus niger, ZP3 is Saccharomyces. GP2, GS4,ZP1,ZP3 can ferment by-product of fish processing into useful nutrients for plant, and they can be used to ferment by-product of fish processing.

Abstract:As one of effective means to balance ecological and economic development, ecological payment has attracted wide attention of scholars, but few studies in this field have been conducted from such microeconomic perspectives as farmers' (fish farmers') property and willingness to participation. On the basis of data from field survey in Qingpu, Jiading, Fengxian and Nanhui Districts in Shanghai, 127 pond farmers’ willingness to participate in ecological payment and their influencing factors were analyzed by ordinal Logit regression model. The results show that : (1) 88.98% of the pond farmers are willing to participate in ecologically payment; (2) Willingness to participate is positively impacted by educational level, breeding pond areas, aquatic produce value, household assets, household per capita income, degree of trust among persons around them and the number of relatives in the village; this willingness is negatively affected by such factors as household arable land areas,the opportunity to get loan, family member working in government or not, joining in cooperative associations or not; (3) Willingness to participate in this arrangement is positively correlated with human capital, physical capital, financial capital, and social capital,and regression coefficients between them are 2.677, 1.153, 2.635, 2.766 respectively, occurrence ratio (Expβ) are 14.514, 3.168, 13.943, 15.895 respectively; it is negatively affected by natural capital, the regression coefficient is -0.602, and occurrence ratio is 0.548.According to these results, it is proposed to conduct training of farmers, improve fisheries insurance and social credit system, upgrade traditional industries to improve the livelihoods capital levels of farmers so as to increase the level of willingness to participate in aquaculture eco-payment in Shanghai.