Abstract:In this study, meiosis gynogenesis was induced in Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker using heterologous sperm, and cold-shock was performed to diploidize the female chromosome. The genomes of three groups of E. ilishaeformis, namely the Tai Lake group (control group), the first generation artificially induced meiosis gynogenetic group (meio-G1) and the second generation artificially induced meiosis gynogenetic group (meio-G2) were comparatively analyzed by simple sequence repeats(SSR)and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).The results of SSR indicated that the numbers of alleles among 12 loci were 38, 16 and 47 respectively, and the average numbers of alleles were 3.166 7, 1.333 3 and 3.916 7 respectively. The average values of observed heterozygosity in the three groups were 0.430 6, 0.333 3 and 0.675 0, and the average homozygosity were 0.569 4, 0.666 7 and 0.325 0. The average similarity indices among individuals within meio-G2 and control group were 1.000 0 and 0.571 9, which were higher than those within the meio-G1 group (0.543 0). The cluster results showed that meio-G1 and control groups cluster together firstly and the meio-G2 group clusters another branch independently. The results of RAPD showed the examined numbers of loci among 14 primers in the three groups were 74, 61 and 64, and the percent of polymorphic loci were 63.51%, 0 and 51.56% accordingly. The genetic similarities calculated according Nei's index were 1 for meio-G2 and 0.849 0 for control group, which were slightly higher than that in meio-G1 (0.801 8). The results of SSR and RAPD markers both indicated that the homozygosity and genetic similarity among individuals in meio-G2 were higher than those in meio-G1 and control group, and the genotypes of all the analyzed individuals in meio-G2 were the same. The meio-G2 family cultured in our study may be a good material in further selective breeding research.

Abstract:To know the genetic variation and relationship of Xenocypris davidi populations between Qiandao Lake and Yangtze River, we analyzed mitochondrial COⅠ sequences of Xenocypris davidi of five geographic populations at Qiandao Lake (Fenkou County, Fuwen County and Linqi County of Zhejiang Province) and the other areas (Jingxian County of Anhui Province and Nanchang County of Jiangxi Province) to detect their genetic structure and genetic variation. 10 variation sites were observed and 10 haplotypes were defined in 92 samples sequences. In the network of sequences haplotypes of Xenocypris davidi,the distribution pattern of haplotypes presented a certain degree of corresponding relationship to geographic pattern. Analysis of fixation index (F_st) showed that there were obvious variation between Yangtze River and Qiantang River(0.110 55-0.453 67), and no variations was detected in populations of Qiandao Lake(F_st≤0.066 05), and the variation between Yangtze River's Jingxian and Nanchang was very high(F_st=0.399 93) .Genetic distance between each two populations indicated that three populations in Qiandao Lake had close relationship,however, Jingxian County displayed highest variation with others. Both Neutrality test and Mismatch distributions of all populations indicated that population outbreak and population expansion may have occurred in Nanchang population in history, while other populations showed no obvious population expansion.

Abstract:In order to study the distribution pattern of chloride cells (CCs) on the gills of the juvenile Acipenser sinensis, immune localization of CCs was studied by using the methods of HE and immunofluorescence staining in this paper. The results indicated that the optimal dilution of the first antibody α5 and the fluorescent second antibody Alexa 488 donkey-anti-mouse was 1:1 500 and 1:500, respectively, which had good effect on the location of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase immunoreactive cells (NKA-IR cells, i.e., CCs) and could be used to locate the CCs on the gills of juvenile A. sinensis. The number of the CCs on gill filaments (4.72 ± 0.34 ind/100 μm) was significantly (P<0.001) greater than that on gill lamella (0.64±0.19 ind/100μm).The mean area of the CCs had no significant difference (P>0.05) between gill filaments (187.28 ± 18.30 μm²) and lamella (159.53 ± 16.72 μm²). The shape factor of the CCs in the gill filaments and gill lamella was 0.72 ± 0.33 and 0.68 ± 0.46, respectively, which showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between them. Thus, the CCs of juvenile A. sinensis were oval and mostly found on the gill filament, especially at the base, with a small amount on gill lamella. The CCs on the gill filament and lamella were of the same size.

Abstract:The changing process of body color and distribution of chromatophores, as well as morphological characteristics during early life history of Amphilophus citrinellus(Günther, 1864) were observed and photographed by microscope and anatomical lens at water temperature of (27±1) ℃ and pH 8.3. Melanin existed on the body surface of hatchling, and increased at 2 days post hatching (dph). By this time the eye socket of the fish larvae turned black, whereas visual sense undeveloped. The fish larva still had yolk sac, while its melanophores branched and diversified morphological characters at 3 dph. At 4 dph, larvae had optic function and swam. Mouth opened at 5 dph, while yolk sac decreased significantly. Irridophores appeared at 7 dph and xanthophores appeared at 10 dph. Young fin membrane were replaced by adult fin at 12 dph. As the number of melanophores and xanthophores continued to increase, their body color became black. Scales occurred and fin fully developed at 19 dph, hence the larvae turned into juveniles. The erythrophores were found at 30 dph. 7 black stripes were formed across the body which became totally black, and the scales spread over the whole body at 35 dph. Melanin started to fade at 65 dph, and disappeared at 85 dph, then body color turned bright yellow. These results provide a theoretical basis for cultivating Amphilophus citrinellus with stable gene and pure color.

Abstract:Through complete artificial propagation test and embryonic development observation of Coilia nasus, the characteristics of complete artificial propagation, and the morphological and ecological traits at each stage of embryonic development of Coilia nasus were studied. The results show that artificial breeding F₁ Coilia nasus broodstock (two-year-old) was cultured by the simulated natural migration method; Excellent individuals were selected from the sexually mature broodstocks as parent fishes and induced by injected [D-Ala⁶-Pro⁹-Net]-LHRH-a, and the treatment dosages are: 30 μg per Kg for females and half of doses for males; at 22-24 ℃, the broodstock naturally copulated and spawned after 18-33.5 h following the hormonal treatment, the inducing rate was 91.7%; 2.58×10⁵ fertilized eggs were obtained, and the fertilization rate was 80.6%; 2.23×10⁵ yolk-sac larvae were hatched, and the hatching rate was 86.4%. The fertilized eggs were transparent, buoyancy, cohesionless, and spherical in shape with a diameter of (909.86±24.02)μm. The egg had one big oil-ball. According to morphological characteristics, the process of embryo development could be categorized into 7 physiological stages with 30 periods: the blastoderm form stage, the cleavage stage, the blastula stage, the gastrula stage, the neural stage, the organogenesis stage, and the hatching stage. The embryo development lasted for 28 h at the water temperature (23.64±0.36)℃. The newly hatched larvae were transparent and floated on the surface of the water by the oil ball, and the total length was 2 056.37-2 074.74 μm. The yolk sac was nearly elliptic, and the oil ball was spherical. The heart rate was 90-110 per minute, and the muscle section was 48-50 pairs. This study is important in the protection of resources and artificial breeding of Coilia nasus.

Abstract:The shell color characters of natural population Cyclina sinensis (Gmelin) were observed and analyzed. The natural group was divided into white and purple shell groups for artificial breeding respectively. The F₁ shell color segregation was counted and analyzed. The influence of different sediments on F₁ shell color expression was analyzed by experiment with mud, silt and fine sand. Results showed that, (1) F₁ displayed 4 shell color types, the percentage difference of same shell color individuals between the two groups was significant (P<0.01), the F₁ shell color purified the color of parents, which indicated white and purple shell color are truly hereditary; (2) the purple shell color depth was obviously influenced by sediment, and muddy sediment made the purple shell color light and lowered the individual percentage; sandy sediment was conducive to the purple shell color expression, and percentage difference between fine sandy and muddy reached significant level (P<0.05), but the sediment influence did not exceed 1/4 of the genetic capacity; (3) the purple shell percentage of purple group F₁ was more than 70%, nearly 4 times of not separated parents(18.71%), so that purple shell individuals have been significantly purified. This creates good conditions for breeding pure purple shell strain or polygenetic strain.

Abstract:By changing the feeding frequency and feeding level and so on, we explored the different effects on growth of sea anemone oral disc. The experimental results showed that, arenaceous substrates and no stocking substrates have no significant influence on the growth rate of the sea anemone oral disc, and the stocking density at 33.3 ind/m², 50.0 ind/m², 66.7 ind/m², 88.3 ind/m² and 100.0 ind/m² had no significant influence on the growth of the sea anemone oral disc. But the feeding frequency and feeding level did. The individual oral disc growth rate was found to decrease to 0.84% with feeding frequency at 4 d per time, but with high feeding frequency at 1d per time,2 d per time and 3 d per time, the individual oral disc growth rate was above 1.30%; and the low feeding level below 1.0 g/d led low individual oral disc growth rate to 0.97%, and higher feeding level over 1.5 g/d led higher oral disc growth rate to above 1.25%.

Abstract:Although the wild Yangtze Eriocheir sinensis juveniles (coin-sized seed) have the better culture performance than the artifically pond-reared juveniles during the adult crab breeding stage, the culture performance of wild-caught megalopae was largely unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the growth, gonadal development, survival, crab yield, feed conversion rate (FCR), final mean body weight and size distribution between wild population (WP) and artificial breeding population (AP) of E. sinensis megalopae for the Yangtze population during the adult crab culture stage. The results show that: despite of males or females, the mean body weight of WP was significantly higher than that of AP during the mid-late culture stage. It was the evidence that the males of WP had the significantly higher body weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those of AP duiring the periods of May-July and July-August, while the females of WP had the significantly higher WGR and SGR than those of AP duiring the period of August-September (P<0.05). Although WP had the significantly higher final mean body weight than AP, the AP had a slightly higher survival than WP, leading to the similar crab yeilds between two populations. As for the size distribution of adult crabs, WP had the higher percentage of large size crabs (male ≥175 g; female ≥125 g), but the lower proportion of middle size crabs (male: 125-174.9 g; female: 100-124.9 g) than AP for both males and females. In conclusion, wild -caught megalopae of Yangtze E. sinensis had the better culture performance than the artificial breeding population, and the selective breeding program of Yangtze E. sinensis could be based on the wild populations by the exploitation and enhancement of their excellent germplasm resources.

Abstract:Rice-crab culture system is a new ecological complex that combines rice culture with that of Eriocheir sinensis. The growth of Spirogyra will seriously affect the growth of rice and rice yield. To determine the effects of rice-crab culture systems on Spirogyra in paddy fields, periodic sampling was conducted in rice-crab culture systems with different megalopa densities (60 ind/m², T₁; 90 ind/m², T₂; 90 ind/m², T₃) and in conventional paddy field (CK) at five key dates (June 17th, June 28th, July 17th, July 30th and August 15th). The results show that the average dry weight of Spirogyra of the rice-crab culture fields and the conventional paddy fields were significantly different in the whole experiment period, and this shows the difference crab stocking density had obvious control action on the biomass of Spirogyra in the paddy fields. A certain amount of Spirogyra appeared on June 17, especially the average dry weight of Spirogyra of conventional paddy field (CK) and rice-crab culture field with low density of megalopa (T₁) were obviously higher than that of the other two treatments (P<0.05), and the average dry weight of Spirogyra of rice-crab culture field with high density of megalopa (T₃) was significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.01); On July 17th, the CK maximum biomass of Spirogyra, an average of dry weight 46.91±5.35 g, and area covered in 65%-75%, and other treatments also reached a maximum of the whole experiment period, and significant difference of different treatments(T₃ < T₂ < T₁ < CK, P<0.05; T₃ 1 < CK, T₂ < T₁ < CK,P<0.01); Sampling results on August 15, that there was no moss in rice-crab culture field with high density of megalopa (T₃), the T₂ lowest biomass of Spirogyra, the highest amount of in the CK, there were significant differences in different treatments (T₃ < CK, T₂ < CK, T₁ < CK, P<0.01; T₂ < T₁, P<0.05).The study provided additional theoretical guidance about biological control of Spirogyra and sustainable development of rice-crab culture systems. It provided another means of promoting the development of rice-crab culture technology.

Abstract:The water spider (Argyroneta aquatica), is currently the world's only species inhabiting in water of streams, ponds, swamps and other water bodies and preying on small fishes, shrimps and insect larvae. It can be widely found in Palearctic area, including Europe and North of Asia. This paper observes the structure of tracheal systems in the water spider, and compared it with three common terrestrial spiders, Arctosa ningboensis, Psechrus senoculatus and Araneus ventricosus. The trachea system of water spiders were found in the form of two cylinders, with many tiny tubes (tracheal) extending forwardly into the cephalothorax and backwardly into the mid and posterior parts of abdomen from the ends of the cylinders. Tracheal structures in others are constructed in four simple tubes. The complex structure of the water spider's tracheal systems has revealed a higher usage of the tracheal system, and indicates the water spider's metabolism and exercise level also exceeds the common terrestrial spiders. This paper not only observed and compared the water spider tracheal systems, but also discussed the relationship between the structure and function of the system. It revealed that highly complex tracheal system is an adaptation to the unique underwater environment, proved the importance of the tracheal system in spider evolution, and filled the blank of Chinese spider tracheal system study.

Abstract:The studies were conducted to evaluate crude protein, bioactive peptides, phytic acid and amino acid composition of SBM by solid state fermentation with combined bacteria. According to single bacteria supplemented, four groups were designed to obtain suitable strains for subsequent trials, i.e. unfermented group, Bacillus subtilis group, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum group. The results showed that crude protein content of S. cerevisiae group was improved to 50.54%. Based on different volume ratios of B. subtilis to S. cerevisiae, four groups were designed as 1:1(group Ⅰ), 2:1(group Ⅱ), 1:2(group Ⅲ) and unfermented group. Crude protein content was significantly improved after solid fermentation (P<0.05), and increased by 14.09% in group Ⅰ, while no significance was found between three fermentation groups (P>0.05). Compared with unfermented soybean meal, molecular weight of proteins of fermented soybean meal got smaller. With the proportion of B. subtilis increased, the content of small peptide was improved significantly, meanwhile phytic acid decreased remarkably (P<0.05). The content of peptide in group Ⅱ was increased by 678.47% and phytic acid decreased by 38.81%. Free amino acids increased by 256.0% mainly in Ile, Leu and Phe after fermentation. The results indicate that solid state fermentation with B. subtilis as dominant bacteria can improve the nutrient value of soybean meal.

Abstract:The present study was performed to investigate the requirement of lipid for grow-out grouper. Fish (initial body weight 278.5 g) were fed isonitrogenous diets containing five graded lipid levels(7.07%, 9.92%,12.92%,15.95% and 19.04%) of fish oil and soybean lecithin for 10 weeks. The results showed that: Weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio significantly increased, then decreased (P<0.05) with increased dietary lipid levels. Feed conversion ratio showed an opposite trend with weight gain rate. Survival of treatments were not significantly affected by the dietary lipid levels(P>0.05). Whole body and muscle crude lipid content first gradually increased, then stabilized and whole body ash gradually decreased with the dietary lipid level increased. Moisture and crude protein in whole body and moisture, crude protein and ash in muscle were not affected by dietary lipid levels (P>0.05). With increased dietary lipid levels, condition factor and viscerosomatic index gradually increased and then stabilized and hepatosomatic index gradually increased. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly increased with increased dietary lipid levels (P<0.05), and total protein, low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.05). With increased dietary lipid levels, the hepatic lipase, lipoproteinesterase and malic dehydrogenase activity gradually decreased, but lactate dehydrogenase activity gradually increased. Alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme activities first increased, then stabilized with increased dietary lipid levels and acid phosphatase vitality significantly decreased (P<0.05). On the basis of specific growth rate, the optimum dietary lipid level, determined by second-order polynomial regression analysis is 14.44% for grow-out Epinephelus coioides.

Abstract:In order to study the purifying effect of combined ecological floating bed constructed by plants and artificial medium on the aquaculture wastewater, a combined ecological floating bed in pond was established by hanging the bio-ceramic matrix under the roots of Pistia stratiotes. Results showed that the removal rates of combined ecological floating bed for total nitrogen(TN),NH₄⁺-N, NO₂^--N, total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand(COD) were 52.38%, 77.78%, 81.97%, 67.57% and 43.98% respectively, which were significantly higher than the removal rates by single plant control or single matrix control (P<0.05). The concentration of TN and TP matched the Class Ⅰ standard of the waste water of freshwater fish pond after being purified by combined ecological floating bed, and the concentration of ammonia and nitrite decreased to below 0.15 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively. The results also showed that the synergism of plant absorbing, matrix adsorption and microorganism enhanced the pollutant removal efficiency of floating bed and reasonable biological combination played a positive role in promoting purification effect on culturing wastewater by floating bed. This study provided technical support for building combined ecological floating bed proper for culturing wastewater purification.

Abstract:Biological parameters such as growth and mortality are vital for stock assessment and management. Using length composition data of BET in the Indian Ocean in 2011 (combination of longline and purse seine fisheries), the growth and mortality parameters were estimated by using ELEFAN technique with FiSATII software. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated at L_∞=270.9 cm (fork length), k=0.08, and t₀=-1.194 a. The total mortality rate estimated by length converted catch curve method was 0.61. The fishing mortality rate and the exploitation rate was 0.21and 0.34, respectively. The analysis of yield-per-recruit suggested that the bigeye tuna stock was not under high fishing pressure in the Indian Ocean. This study provides the estimates of growth and mortality rate for bigeye tuna, which can be used as biological parameters for further evaluations of stock status in the Indian Ocean.

Abstract:Based on stomach content samples of blue shark Prionace glauca in the Atlantic Ocean(5°N-15°N,25°W-40°W)during October-February 2010 and October-March 2011, stomach content of blue shark was analyzed. The feeding intensity of blue shark was dominated by level one. The feeding intensities of juveniles and adults were significantly different (P<0.1); while the feeding intensities of females and males were not significantly different (P>0.1). Teleosts were the main preys, followed by cephalopods. Dominant prey species (category) of females was squid, sardine, Longnose lancetfish Alepisaurus ferox and tapertail ribbonfish Trachipterus fukuzakii, same as those of males. Overall, the proportion and frequency of cephalopods in stomach content tended to decrease with blue shark size; while those of teleosts tended to increase with blue shark size. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) of prey item was 1.7, and the Simpson diversity index (C) of prey item was 0.23. The index H increased with blue shark size, and the index C showed a contrary trend.

Abstract:As the unique one in Tuna RFMOs(Regional Fishery Management Organizations)which has established High Seas Boarding & Inspection Procedures, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) promotes compliance by Commission members with conservation and management measures through carrying out the High Seas Boarding & Inspection. Since 2006, some countries and areas started to board and inspect fishing boats successively in West and Central Pacific high seas, the parties taking part in the procedures and the times they implement the procedures increased with years. Strict high seas boarding & inspection brings great challenges to conduct responsibility of China's tuna fishing activities. In order to ensure the sustainable development of China's tuna fishery in WCPFC waters, we summarized evolution and development of WCPFC High Seas Boarding & Inspection, analyzed the implementation and characteristics of WCPFC High seas Boarding & Inspection since the execution, and explored the categories and causes of the violations of Chinese fishing boats through studying related China cases of High Seas Boarding & Inspection since 2011. We put forward suggestions that the government, enterprises, associations and scientific research units should enhance the capacity of Chinese tuna fishery together, reduce violations of rules by fishing boats and fulfill relevant international obligations.

Abstract:According to the fisheries resource data collected from June 2012 to October 2013, the status of fish community structure and environmental indicators in 4 sampling stations in national fisheries resources protection zone in Tingjiang River were analyzed. The results showed that the captured 38 fish species belong to 4 orders, 12 families and 30 genera. Mastacembelus armatus is protected fish of Fujian Province and Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus, Pseudogastromyzon cheni, Crossostoma stigmata are endemic species in Fujian Province. Fish community through IRI indexes were analyzed, Zacco platypus, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Parasilurus asotus, Acrossoch eilus parallens, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Mastacembelus aculedtus were the dominant species .The ecological types of the fish consisted of benthic type, omnivorous type and adapting to stream settled. Three diversity indexes which are Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H), Margalef diversity index(D), Evenness index(E) are used to analyze the characteristics of species diversity. Shannon-Wiener diversity and Margalef diversity index in the upper river were higher than those in the lower river. Pearson correspondence analysis showed that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of zooplankton, channel-change and human activity had the significant correlation with fish diversity index . Canonical correspondence analysis found that three main environmental indicators mainly influence Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus, Pseudogastromyzon cheni and Crossostoma tinkhami.

Abstract:Ballast water may pose serious ecological problems due to the multitude of marine species transferred by ships' ballast water which may survive to establish a reproductive population in the host environment, becoming invasive, out-competing native species and multiplying into pest proportions, causing enormous damage to biodiversity. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted at a Diplomatic Conference held by IMO, 2004, developed a formulated appropriate system for ballast water management. Although the Convention has not enter into force yet, several States such as US, Australia have already taken individual action and implemented national, regional and local ballast water management regulations. In China, the current legislations relating to ballast water are mainly limited to prevent pollution and transfer of harmful pathogens, but do not prevent introductions of nonindigenous species. In this paper, we made following suggesting for ballast water management to prevent introductions of nonindigenous species: (1) perfect legislation on ballast water management as soon as possible; (2)require that vessels exchange ballast water at deep sea before entering China waters; (3)strengthen background investigation of native species in the port and coastal waters; (4)conduct technical study on ballast water management; (5)develop multiple coordination mechanism of relating government sectors; (6)prepare to carry out ballast water management for China flag vessels at the earliest possible time.

Abstract:Tibetan kefir grains (TKGs), the so-called Tibetan mushroom, contain a variety of microorganisms, e.g., lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and occasionally acetic acid bacteria, in a white or milky viscous matrix. In the present study, the culturable yeasts in TKGs were isolated, identified and characterized mainly based on scanning electron microscopy, 26S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed most of yeasts in TKGs were spherical (2.0－5.0 μm) or oval (1.0－3.0 × 2.0－4.0 μm). The yeasts were observed present on the outer and inner surfaces of TKGs and were less in numbers compared with bacteria. Totally, sixteen yeast strains were identified, which belonged to three genera-Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces and Yarrowia, and were grouped to four species of S. cerevisiae (3 strains), Saccharomyces sp. (2 strains), K. marxianus (8 strains) and Y. lipolytica (3 strains).

Abstract:To understand blades' impact on the flow field distribution of the new vane current generation device based on the device model of Shanghai Ocean University, FLUENT software was used to numerically simulate the flow field. Moreover, the velocity and pressure contours of different blade shapes were obtained.Through the comparison of different blade shapes' velocity and pressure distribution,we found different blade shapes can play a certain role in changing and developing the exterior flow field and operating the vane current generation device smoothly. The flow field analysis results fully confirmed that the reasonable design of the blade shapes can play an important role in force tolerance of the generation device and improving the flow distribution, and also provided reliable theoretical reference for the optimization of the device.

Abstract:In order to solve the problem of high labor intensity of manual feeding in shrimp aquaculture, a kind of automatic ship-borne feeding machine was developed in this study. It was designed that the ship-borne feeding machine was driven by batteries which feed shrimps around the pond led by a guiding device. The hull adopts a structure of catamaran, with a propeller as the propelling plant. The guiding device around the pond is composed of a hauling cable passing through guiding bracket fixed on the shore. The height can be adjusted by manual operation, thus the feeding vessel can be up and down with the water level, so as to guarantee the hull can be in touch with the hauling cable. This equipment can feed easily with simple operation, in accordance with the design concept of a feeding machine.