Abstract:Dmrt2, dsx and mab3 related transcription factor 2 are members of a gene family of putative transcription factors which contain a common zinc finger like DNA binding motif, DM domain. The full length cDNA of Dmrt2a gene was obtained from total RNA isolated from the liver of goldfish by the technology of RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends ). The complete cDNA of goldfish Dmrt2a is 1 755 bp and its ORF (opening reading frame) includes 1 500 bp which codes 499 amino acid residues. Dmrt2a in goldfish shares high homology with Dmrt2a genes from other fishes via phylogenesis analysis. The sequence homologies between deduced goldfish Dmrt2a peptide and that from zebrafish, takifugu, medaka and tilapia are 85%，61%，58% and 58%, respectively. SYBR Green I Quantitative Real time PCR analysis was used to assess the expression of Dmrt2a and Dmrt2b at mRNA level. The Dmrt2a and Dmrt2b genes were expressed from early embryo stage to juveniles of 15 days post hatching (dph). Dmrt2a was expressed highly in embryos, reached a peak at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), and decreased at 36 hpf; Dmrt2b was expressed lowly in embryos and increased obviously after hatching. In adult goldfish, Dmrt2a and Dmrt2b genes were expressed highly in ovary and testis,and had a low expression in intestine, kidney , liver, heart and brain.

Abstract:By using three strains (two improved strains (SF-1 and SF-2) and the wild type (WT)) of free living conchocelis of Prophyra haitanensis, the optimal transplanting quantity and the influence of the initial density of conchocelis colony, photon flux density and temperature for vegetative growth of conchocelis and the conchospore number of conchocelis were studied. The results indicated that the initial density of conchocelis colony significantly increased with the increase of transplanting quantity in range of 50-500 mg/m². However, when the tansplanting quantity was higher than 100 mg/m², the conchospore number decreased. Increase of photon flux density within the range of 10-50 μmol photons/（m²·s）accelerated the vegetative growth of conchocelis, but decreased the conchospore number. Increasing temperature within the range of 15-25 ℃ accelerated the vegetative growth of conchocelis. However, the conchospore number increased with the increase of temperature from 15 to 20 ℃, and decreased with the increase of temperature from 20 to 25 ℃. The vegetative growth and conchospore number of SF-1, SF-2 and WT strains showed no significant differences. The above results indicated that higher transplanting quantity, photon flux density and temperature in culture of conchocelis will reduce the conchospore number of conchocelis when seeding with free living conchocelis in P. haitanensis.

Abstract:In the process of cultivating marine fish, temperature tolerance and nutritional requirement are the main factors for consideration. In the current study, we performed the experiment of low temperature resistance in Scatophagus argus juveniles and proved that LT₅₀ is about 12.2 ℃ and the lethal low temperature is 11.0 ℃ for this species. In addition, experiments about nutritional needs of Scatophagus argus juveniles were also carried out in this study. Through feeding Scatophagus argus juveniles with three different kinds of feed, the results showed that the group fed with plant protein grew significantly faster than the other two groups fed with animal protein (P<0.01). We also observed that Scatophagus argus preferred the synthetic feed made from plant protein. It proved that Scatophagus argus required less animal protein compared with other economic fishes, which suits the aquacultural trend of low carbon economy. Our studies can benefit the regulation and controlling of water temperature and nutritional requirement in the mariculture of Scatophagus argus.

Abstract:Lipid as well as fatty acid is important substrate fueling normal metabolism and development of marine fish larvae. The changes in lipid characteristics and fatty acid contents of developing yolk sac larvae of Epinephelus awoara and Trachinotus ovatus were investigated in this study. The newly hatched larvae and 1 d, 2 d, 3 d post hatching larvae of E. awoara and T. ovatus were sampled and their lipid contents and fatty acid profiles were assayed quantitatively. The results indicated that there were different lipid compositions between the two larvae. The neutral lipid/polar lipid ratio in E. awoara was between 0.97 and 1.22 during the development of yolk sac larva. While in T. ovatus it was between 1.88 and 3.21. The total lipid contents of the two larvae both decreased with the development due to large consumption of neutral lipid. The dominating fatty acids in neutral lipid of E. awoara yolk sac larva were 18∶1n-9, 16∶0, DHA, 16∶1 and 18∶0. While DHA, 16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶1n-9 were the dominating in polar lipid. However, the dominating fatty acids in neutral lipid of T. ovatus larvae were 18∶1n-9, 182n-6, DHA, 16∶4n-3 and 16∶0, and in polar lipid were DHA, 16∶0, 18∶1n-9 and 18∶2n-6. Significant decreasing of main fatty acids in neutral lipid appeared at 1 day post hatching in T. ovatus larva and at 2 days post hatching in E. awoara larva respectively. But the contents of main fatty acids in polar lipid increased significantly at 1 day post hatching in both larvae. It is therefore suggested that despite the significant differences in lipid and fatty acid profiles, the lipid consumption law was similar during the development of yolk sac larvae of E. awoara and T. ovatus.

Abstract:Asymmetry of flatfish has already caught people’s eye over one century. The research on eye migration is introducted as five sections in this review: diversity and distribution of Pleuronectiformes, the mechanical force driving eye migration, thyroid hormone dependent signalling pathway in regulating eye migration, the relationship between eye migration and the left/right asymmetry of visceral organs, and evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry. My lab’s findings on the genetic mechanism behind eye migration are introducted extensively, such as our important finding that eye migration is driven by proliferating cells in suborbital skin and the twist of frontal bone is dependent upon eye migration, which corrected some mistakes of previous hypothesis. Thyroid hormone dependent signalling pathway was investigated extensively as well. T₃ distribution and expressional location of type 2 deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor(TRαA and TRβ1) in the skin around both eyes displayed left/right and dorsal/ventral asymmetry pattern, which is similar as observed pattern of proliferating cells in same area in previous study. The TH dependent signalling pathway in regulating eye migration might be T₄-Dio2-T₃-TRαA/TRβ1. Finally, we propose a hypothesis on evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry, and hope that this could arouse further discussion on the flatfish evolution.

Abstract:Pigmentation are special phenotypic traits in fish. Pigmentation variation of fish has been used as a very important research topics in genetics, evolutionary biology and developmental biology. Especially, the study of pigmentation in fish has been sharply accumulated by means of rapid development of molecular biotechnology. In this paper, I briefly summarized the chromatophore development and types, genetic basis of pigmentation variation in fish, and molecular mechanism of fish pigmentation. The aim was to provide an insight into molecular genetic basis of pigmentation in fish.

Abstract:The caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) is a unique neuroendocrine system of fish, which located at the caudal spinal cord. CNSS is the key for fish to adapt the environment. As a part of the stress system, CNSS plays comprehensive regulatory role in fish physiology and behavior. Here, we reviewed morphology and composition of this system, its main secreting products, and their role in physiological regulation and innervation since the end of the 19th century when CNSS was found. All of these will provide scientific basis for further studying on neural secretions in higher vertebrates, and even for understand the functions of neurosecretory materials in human.

Abstract:According to the video records of spatial distribution of individuals in the fish school taken in the lab, the distances among individuals in fish school measured and calculated by the body centroid method (BCM), segment method (SM) and broken line of three point method (BLM) indicate that the most of distances are varied in the range of 0.5-2 times body length (BL) while the number of individuals increasing to a certain level. The results by SM were basically same as the one from BLM, and the precision of BCM was lower than the others. When the body length was greater than 0.2 BL, the frequency of distance appearance of BLM was generally higher than SM’s and its result was more precise. And the distances calculated by means of the SM and BLM were mostly allocated in the range of 0.6-0.8 BL, which revealed that the range might be the preferred distance of the fish

Abstract:Viral genomic dsRNAs were extracted from Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney (CIK) cells inoculated by diseased grass carp visceral organs with hemorrhagic symptom, and analyzed by agarose gel to show the typical genomic pattern of Aquareovirus. The purified viral pathogen caused typical cytopathic effects in CIK cells. A simplified dsRNA sequencing technology modified from FLAC (full length amplification of cDNA) method was employed to sequencing the partial viral dsRNA genomic fragments. Four full-length dsRNA genomic fragments of the amplified cDNA fragments were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify two different viral strains in our sample, which indicated that there were two GCRV strains, named as JX01 and JX02 respectively, causing disease in grass carp in Jiangxi province. The data further suggested that we could monitor the pandemic viral strains using our simplified dsRNA sequencing technology. Our research thus provides a new technical method for the prevention, control and epidemiology of grass carp reovirus disease.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate virulence and drug resistant mechanism of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) isolated from water sample of fishery pond, in order to provide scientific support for practical aquaculture disease treatment, effective management of aquaculture environment and aquatic food safety control. Antimicrobial susceptibility of PA isolates under this study were examined by using standard Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (USA, 2010 Edition), showing distinct susceptibility to nine antimicrobial agents belonging to six drug classes tested. All PA isolates were resistant to trimethoprim and rifampin, of which, 90% were to ampicilin and kanamycin, and 10% were to gentamycin. The genes involved in pathogenicity，intrinsic and transferred antibiotic resistance were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The toxA and exoU genes were absent from the PA isolates tested, 50% of which were exoS⁺/exoU^- infectious genetype, and none of which were exoS^-/exoU⁺ cell toxic genetype that usually existed in clinical PA isolates. Subsequent analysis revealed that the multidrug efflux pumps including MexAB-OprM, MexXY-OprM and MexVW-OprM were present in all PA isolates, 20% of which were positive for ampC gene, whereas the other four efflux pumps including MexEF-OprN, MexJK-OprM, MexCD-OprJ and MexGHI-OpmD were fully or partially deficient. In addition, the comINT gene of class Ⅰ-Ⅲ integrons was negative in the PA isolates, however, the functional genes（int，soj，pilS2，pilD）of conserved module structures of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) were detected positive, suggesting possible transfer activity of the ICEs detected in the PA isolates. This study revealed the major mechanism under multidrug resistance of the PA isolates mediated by efflux pumps encoded by chromosome genes, and constituted the first evidence for mobile genetic element ICEs in PA isolates of environmental origin.

Abstract:The suspended solids in Chenhang Reservoir were sampled monthly during May 2010 to April 2011 and their structural characteristics were analyzed. The filter fish production potentials and their reasonable stocking were evaluated, based on both the suspended solids concentration to control the abundance of phytoplankton in Chenhang Reservoir, and the primary phytoplankton production. Results showed: In Chenhang Reservoir the annual total amount of suspended solids (dry weight) was （29.4±7.3） mg/L , organic matter concentration accounted for 34.4% and ash content 65.6%. The seasonal changes showed the total suspended solids were high in winter and summer, low in spring and autumn. Organic matter concentration was high in spring and summer, occounting for respectively 42.20% and 41.70%, and low in winter; ash content accounted for 77.06% in winter while low in summer. As for the horizontal distribution of suspended solids in dry weight, the highest values occurred at St4, while the lowest value at St1 near outlet；Suspended solid was gradually reduced with the water flow direction. Vertical space change of suspended solid in dry weight showed that: 4 m water layer> surface> 2 m water layer> 1 m water layer> transparency 0.4 m of the water layer. Based on the suspended solids, production potentials of planktivorous fishes were predicted to be 37.32 t. Silver carp could be stocked 20 720 kg, bighead carp could be stocked 2 100 kg. However, based on phytoplankton primary production, the total planktivorous fishes production potential was 25.14 t, silver carp could be stocked 9 660 kg, bighead carp 420 kg.

Abstract:In order to study the purification effect of three vegetables and cultivation on shrimp aquaculture water and identify a suitable vegetable and cultivation, the experiment was conducted to compare vegetables growth, absorptivity of nitrogen and phosphorus, water chemistry conditions with three vegetables (water fennel, water spinach, lettuce) with three cultivations planted in the shrimp aquaculture water. The results showed: the daily increase biomass per unit and the absorptivity of nitrogen and phosphorus by water spinach was significantly higher than water fennel and lettuce, and the survival rate of water spinach was highest too. All of the three plants had a purifying effect on the shrimp pond water, especially the water spinach. 20 days later, the contents of TAN, NO^-₃-N, TN, TP and COD_Mn of the water in spinach ponds decreased by 55.0%,78.6%,52.6%,44.2% and 41.3% respectively, secondly the water fennel. There was no significant influence on biomass increases and concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus for water fennel and water spinach under three floating cultivations. However, the growth condition of lettuce with floating board was the best in the lettuce group. The study showed environment adaptability of the water spinach to shrimp aquaculture water was the strongest in the three vegetables, so it was the best suitable for planting in shrimp ponds and the knot planting pattern was the best way to plant water spinach. In accordance with status of shrimp culture in Shanghai, it was suggested that half of the unutilized nitrogen in the culture period could be absorbed by planting the water spinach at 500 kg/hm2 in an early shrimp culture stage.

Abstract:The study is about the growth and cadmium′s restoration effect of three submerged macrophytes（Ceratophyllum demersum L.，Elodea nuttallii and Vallisneria natans）in different pH and cadmium.The result shows that, three submerged macrophytes can all tolerate the pollution of cadmium in a certain concentration range,and eliminate cadmium of the water to different degree. Ceratophyllum demersum L.and Elodea nuttallii have strongest elimination ability of cadmium under pH 8.5 or 15 μg/L cadmium. Vallisneria natans has strongest elimination ability of cadmium under pH 7.5 or 10 μg/L cadmium. Among these living submerged macrophytes,Elodea nuttallii has the strongest tolerate and elimination ability of cadmium (up to 92%), then Ceratophyllum demersum L.(up to 90%), and Vallisneria natans (up to 66%). The elimination ability of the 3 submerged macrophytes’ powder is more obvious than its living form, Elodea Canadensis’s powder has the strongest elimination ability of cadmium (up to 95%), then Ceratophyllum demersumL. ’s powder (up to 93%), and Vallisneria natans’s powder (up to 88%).But the elimination ability of cadmium by Vallisneria natans’s powder is less vulnerable to the pH and the cadmium concentration (range between 81% and 88%). The three submerged macrophytes adaptation scope very broad,efficient and pollution free, they could be successfully used for heavy metal removal from waste water containing cadmium.

Abstract:There are many water quality parameters in aquaculture, the relationship of which is complicated. To find a few monitoring parameters is practical demand for farmers. Factor analysis approach is a statistical method that uses a few factors to replace many original factors. Water quality in tilapia ponds based on biofloc technology was evaluated using this method in this paper. Tilapias were kept in 12 outdoor cemented ponds. The control group was fed with commercial feed normally, while group A, B and C were fed with 100%, 80% and 75% of normal amount of feed and added with wheat starch as carbohydrate. Water samples were taken to measure pH, DO, T, secchi disk depth(SD), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus(TP), chlorophyll a (Chl.a), floc volume(FV), total suspended solids(TSS) and total heterotrophic bacterial (THB)every week. The results showed that the communalities of T, pH, TSS and THB were lower than 0.5, and removed when factor analysis was done. Three main factors affecting the water quality were extracted when dissolved oxygen was sufficient. The first main factor was composed of TP, Chl.a and TN, which reflected organic nutrients. The second main factor was composed of TAN, SD,NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N, which reflected inorganic nitrogen and SD. The third main factor was composed of FV. The component score of each pond was calculated by the weight of 3 factor scores. The component score of group C was the lowest, and lower than the control group significantly. It showed that water quality of group C was the best of all, and biofloc technology could improve water quality and promote the sustainable development of tilapia culture. TN, TP and Chl.a should be monitored emphatically in tilapia culture systems using biofloc technology and TAN,NO₂^--N should be monitored regularly.

Abstract:In this study, lanthanum modified zeolite (LaMZ) was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphate and ammonium from aqueous solution. The effects of various parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH, reaction time, initial adsorbate concentration, temperature, ion strength and coexisting ions on the removal of phosphate and ammonium by LaMZ were investigated using batch experiments. Results showed that LaMZ was effective for the removal of phosphate and ammonium from aqueous solution. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of phosphate and ammonium onto LaMZ could be described by a pseudo second order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data of phosphate on LaMZ fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the equilibrium adsorption data of ammonium on LaMZ fitted well with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm models. The thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of phosphate and ammonium on LaMZ was spontaneous and endothermic process. The phosphate adsorption capacity for LaMZ decreased gradually with increasing pH from 3 to 10, but decreased greatly with increasing solution pH from 10 to 12. The ammonium adsorption capacity for LaMZ was relatively high at pH 3-8, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 8 to 12. The presence of coexisting anions such as Cl^-, HCO₃^- and SO₄^2- had negligible influence on phosphate removal by LaMZ. Coexisting Mg²⁺ had negligible influence on ammonium removal by LaMZ, but coexisting cations such as K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ had negative influence on ammonium removal by LaMZ. The main mechanisms for phosphate removal by LaMZ include electrostatic interaction, ligands exchange and Lewis acid base interaction depending on solution pH. The main mechanism for ammonium removal by LaMZ is cation exchange.

Abstract:There are differences in the growth of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus farmed with floating raft,around the Gouqi Island waters in the National Marine Special Reserve of Shengsi Ma'an Archipelago. Growth conditions of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus and its relationship with environmental factors are studied using analysis of variance and correlation analysis with the SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Results show that the chlorophyll content, the concentration of particulate organic matter (POM), and the ratio of POM and suspended particulate matter (SPM), have significant effects on the growth of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Among them, the third has the biggest significance. Exploring the impact of POM and SPM distribution from the hydrodynamic point of view, the water flow was monitored by Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) and result shows that suspending facilities in the water like floating rafts of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus would have important effects on water exchange of this area. Tidal velocity gradually increases from the surface to the bottom and velocities of flows facing the rising tide and falling tide are greater than that within the culturing zone. Water exchange within the culturing zone would have influence on the distribution of baits like phytoplankton and POM, and consequently, the distribution of baits would affect the growth of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. The growth rate of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus outside of the culturing zone is obviously higher than that within the zone. Therefore, appropriately planning the culturing blocks in large scale of mussel culturing zone is desirable by leaving some areas blank as passageways along the tidal flow to improve water exchange within the mussel culturing zone, which has great importance.

Abstract:This research applied a numerical marine model ECOM-si (estuarine coastal ocean model semi implicit), coupling a real time computational module of solar radiation intensity and sea surface heat flux, to evaluate effects of thermal water discharged from two coastal power plants (Guohua power plant and Wusha Mountain power plant) of the marine ranching zone in Xiangshan Bay. Affected by alternating tidal current, the effect on marine ranching zone of thermal water discharged from Guohua power plant was more significant than the water from Wusha Mountain power plant. The southwest side of ranching zone was easier to be influenced than the northeast side. Due to the fact that difference in air water temperature varies as season changes, the simulated data showed that each season had different temperature rise range and distribution characteristics around the ranching zone. During temperature rise period in spring, rise range was the largest, exceeding 1.0 ℃, its influential scope of temperature rise was the largest and its effect on ranching zone was also the most significant; nevertheless, during cooling period in autumn, temperature rise range was the smallest (within 0.3 ℃-0.5 ℃), and its influential scope of temperature rise was also the smallest. Winter and summer each was within low temperature period and within high temperature period, respectively. Differences in sea air temperature in both of the two seasons were small, temperature rise ranges were about 0.5 ℃-1.0 ℃, and their influential scopes were mediate.

Abstract:On the basis of investigation data observed at the fish cage culture area for 6 cruises in 2010, variation characteristics of DO, pH and nutrients in fish cage culture areas of Xiangshan Harbor were analyzed. The result indicated that the DO (dissolved oxygen) and pH complied with the Grade Ⅱ in “Seawater Quality Standard”(GB 3097—1997). The range concentration of inorganic nitrogen was 0.726-1.133mg/L, the concentration of NO₃-N accounted for 74.83% of DIN and was the main form of inorganic nitrogen in the fish cage culture area. The range concentration of inorganic phosphorus and silicate were 0.043-0.082 mg/L and 0.794-1.357 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus were too high to satisfy the Grade Ⅱ of “Seawater Quality Standard”(GB 3097—1997). The ratio of N to P was 34.02, so N was relative surplus. According to the value of eutrophication index (E) and organic pollution index (A), the seawater was in eutrophication state, and the organic pollution was quite serious.

Abstract:The oceanic Ommastrephidae is an important cephalopod resource. The main species which have been exploited at the large scale commercial development included 〖WTBX〗Todarodes pacificus, Illex argentinus, Dosidicus gigas, Nototodarus sloani and Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. According to the data statistics during 1992 to 2010, the Ommastrephidae production accounted for 51.15%-62.19% of cephalopods in the world, with an average of 55.40%. In this paper, the current exploitation and resources conditions of Todarodes pacificus, Illex argentinus, Dosidicus gigas and other squids are described in details. Meanwhile, according to the biological characteristics of short life cycle and fast growth, four major scientific issues which are to be resolved have been put forward. The four scientific issues are: (1) a completely comprehensive understanding of the ecological status and role of Ommastrephidae; (2) fully mastering the effect of environment including global climate change on the recruitment of Ommastrephidae; (3) further study of assessment model for Ommastrephidae based on the short life cycle; and (4) developing the ecosystem based resource management approaches for Ommastrephidae.

Abstract:Retrospective problem (RR) was defined as systematic biases in successive estimations of fishery parameters (typically stock biomass and fishing mortality) with additional years of data added in stock assessment. RP arising in many fishery stock assessments can potentially result in large uncertainty in fish stock biomass estimates, which will lead to over exploit or under exploit fish populations. RP is one of hot and hard topics in fishery stock assessment at present. The MOHN ρ was used mainly as the metric of RP and the cause of RP was reduced to errors in data or in assumption of models or both. At present, there were diverse methods for diagnoses of RP, but these methods were generally valid only in some specific case. The researchers working on fisheries stock assessment provided some methods to fix or avoid RP according to their specific study, but there was still a lack of general methods or means to correct or avoid RP. If RP occurred in a stock assessment, there must be some errors in data or assumption of the model. Therefore, Retrospective analysis was effective means to assess the quality of the data and check the consistency of assumption between data and the model.

Abstract:The paper analyzes and induces the current research progress of China’s coastal zone research by summarizing ecological, environmental and economic papers. First, the circumscription of different disciplines and viewpoint from different academicians are compared. According to the research and management objects,the coastal zone can be defined from the biological and managemental angles, respectively. The ecological and environmental pressure faced by China’s coastal zone are summrized into the pressure form population growth in the zone,the overexploitation of coastal zone resources, disaster and natural variance in the zone and invasion of foreign species,and also the characteristics of the pressure are discussed. The paper also sums up the main research progress in the field of marine economy and management of China’s coastal zone. The main research contents are the index system and estimate model of coastal zone sustainable development, the integration development strategy of coastal zone and coastal planning, marine industrial structure and competitive power, ecological value of coastal zone, economic accounting of natural disaster and marine culture.

Abstract:Driven by the demand from international market for Atlantic bluefin tuna（〖WTBX〗Thunnus thynnus〖WTBZ〗） and their products, overcapacity and illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing frequently took place, which resulted in continuous decline of the fish resources. Although relevant Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs), the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) in this case, have adopted some conservation and management measures for this fish stock, the outcome is unsatisfied. To find an alternative solution, Monaco in 2009 proposed to include Atlantic bluefin tuna into Appendix Ⅰ of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), banning capture and trade. In 2010, this proposal was discussed heatedly in the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which had attracted wide concerns and provoked great controversy. Against this backdrop, this paper firstly analyzes the relevant ICCAT management measures on Atlantic bluefin tuna and the different opinions from relevant states or regional organizations over Monaco’s proposal. Secondly, the ramifications that this proposal might have for international fisheries management and for China’s distant water fishing industry are studied. Had the Atlantic bluefin tuna been included in the Appendix Ⅰ of CITES, a precedence would have been set for other commercially exploited aquatic resources. As a result, there will be more such proposals which would come up in the context of CITES. Then, the role of RFMOs in conservation and management of the world fisheries resources might have changed. Whatever would happen in the future, China, as a new high seas fishing State, should take an active role in both fora, namely CITES and RFMOs, involving herself into discussion over interpretation and formulation of some provisions on “introduction for the sea”, and promoting ICCAT to take more restrictive measures or persuade primary fishing states to reduce fishing quotas. On the other hand, being a party to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and ICCAT, China is also under obligation to cooperate with other countries in implementing conservation and management measures adopted by ICCAT and renew her domestic laws and regulations to control her nationals. This paper finally puts forward several suggestions in this aspect, such as renewing regulations with respect to the Vessels Monitoring Systems (VMS), scientific observers aboard, fishing log, etc. in order to make sure these measures complied with by fishing vessels completely and improving capacity building for management personnel at the central and provincial levels.

Abstract:Using the length data of Antarctic krill collected by the fishery observers on board the large scale otter midwater trawlers, the present study analyzes the spatial temporal characteristics of length distribution of Antarctic krill based on dividing the study area into small scale units with resolution of 10′ and 10′. The results show that, the range of average length is 46.9 to 55.0 mm in the 24 units, the minimum and maximum length is 26.8 mm and 62.2 mm, respectively. Significant difference can be found among the units for the length distribution. Remarkable differences of the length distribution also exist for all units on the same latitudinal level and most units (71.4%) on the same longitudinal level. Over half of samples (60.3%) are distributed in the layer under the surface 40 to 80 m. Significant difference can be found for the length distribution among the 6 layers (0 to 120 m with 20 m interval), however, the average length is closer among the layers (52.5 to 53.6 mm). The range of length distribution and average length are 26.8 to 62.4 mm and 53.1 mm in December and 39.1 to 62.0 mm and 52.4 mm in January. Small individuals exist significantly in the middle of December, and the dominant length ranged from 32 to 35 mm, accounting for about 10%.

Abstract:Based on the sample data of Ommastrephes bartramii in 2007 (high yield year) and 2009 (low yield year) collected by Chinese squid fishing fleets, the catch composition and growth rate of Ommastrephes bartramii from July to October between 2007 and 2009 were compared. The results indicated that the mantle length (ML) ranged from 200 mm to 440 mm in 2007, and the dominant ML is 240-310 mm, accounting for 75.41% of the total. The weight range from 280 g to 2 540 g, and the dominant weight is 400-790 g, accounting for 63.11%. While in 2009 the range of ML in catch is 160-430 mm, and the dominant ML is 220-280 mm, occupying 66.87% of the total. The weight range is 43-9 310 g and the dominant weight is 300-510 g, occupying 53.75% of the total. This study found that the catch groups exist in two cohorts, namely, a large group (L-type group) and small groups (S-type group) from July to October in 2007 and 2009. In 2007 the S type group appeared in mid September, accounting for 32.6% of the total. But in 2009 the S type group is ahead of schedule in early September, accounting for 16.2% of the total. The growth rate of L group in 2007 is slightly less than that in 2009, and the growth rate of S type group in 2007 was significantly faster than that in 2009. In this study, combined with marine environmental factors such as sea surface temperature, the cause of difference on catch composition and growth rate between 2007 and 2009 are analyzed and discussed.

Abstract:Dosidicus gigas is a short lived species and its recruitments would be affected by change of environmental conditions. Based on the fishing data collected by Chinese squid jigger fleets, and sea surface temperature (SST) and Nino 1+2 SSTA data, in the high sea waters of Southeastern Pacific Ocean from 2003 to 2010, the grey correlations between the proportion of favorable SST in the fishing ground and spawning ground (indicated by PF and _S, respectively) are analyzed, and the relationship between PF,_S and CPUE are also analyzed to evaluate the effect of changable environment on recruitment of D. gigas respectively. The results indicated that the largest proportions of favorable SST in fishing ground are from September to November, and from December to January of the next year for the spawning ground. The grey correlation between the Ps and Nino 1+2 SSTA is higher than that between the PF and Nino 1+2 SSTA, which shows that the effect of Nino 1+2 SSTA on spawning ground is significant. Meanwhile, the correlation between Ps and CPUE is higher with the value of above 0.4 and exhibits continuity in time from November to February of the next year. The results indicated that the La Nina condition could increase the proportion of favorable SST in the fishing ground and form the wide upwelling, which is beneficial to D. gigas’ feeding and growth, and improve the recruitment of D. gigas. Otherwise, the adverse environmental condition will be not helpful to the recruitment of D. gigas.

Abstract:The otolith of fish is an important source of ecological information. It is a popular and successful tool in discriminating between and within fish stocks to study the morphologic characteristics of the otolith. A total of 222 pairs of sagittal otolith were collected randomly from Nov. 2009 through Jan. 2010 in waters near Marshall Islands. The morphologic characteristics of them were observed and measured. There were three channels on them which divide the sagittal otolith four areas (dorsum, wing, rostrum, and lateral). There was no significant difference between the morphological parameters of the left sagitta and the right sagitta (P=0.999). The result of principal component analysis on 12 morphologic parameters showed the dorsal length (DL), wing front length (WFL), wing length (WL) and maximum statolith thickness (MST) can be used to represent the size features of the sagittal otolith; the dorsal angle (DA), and wing angle (WA) might reflect its angle features; these six parameters can be used to indicate the morphologic characteristics of the otolith. The optimum relationship between DL and MST was described by exponential function, the optimum relationship between fork length (FL) and DL was described by quadratic multinomial, while the optimum relationship between FL and weight of sagittal otolith (OW) was the logistic function. The sagittal otolith was growing and the core of sagittal otolith was shifting to the dorsum, rostrum, and lateral areas while the fork length was increasing. There was fluctuation for DA when the length of DL was between 500 μm and 700 μm by One way random block design. The DL was about 600 μm and the forklength was about 80-130 cm while bigeye tuna was mature.

Abstract:A total of 441 Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) were collected by two large scale trawlers named “KAIXIN” from September to October 2010 and “KAIFU” in August 2011 in the southeast Pacific Ocean. In this paper, the histology of ovary was studied. The main results are: (1) The development of oocytes of Chilean jack mackerel was composed of five phases. In the phase 2 of oocyte development, there appeared a transparent layer in the outboard of nuclear membrane. A lot of yolk granules and lipoid vesicles formed in the cytoplasm during the phase 3 of oocyte development. Some of the nuclear membranes began to dissolve when the phase 4 came and we could find micropyle near the animal polar. The mature oocytes were apart from follicle membrane in the phase 5 of oocyte development. (2) The size distribution of eggs showed there were varied oocytes in the ovary of stage Ⅳ and there were two obvious pinnacles in the figure. (3) The spawning pattern of jack mackerel is multiple spawning that we could find more than one phase of oocytes in the same ovary at the same time. (4) The gonads were developing at a high speed from late August to early October.

Abstract:Recently, food safety incidents have occurred consistently in China. Accordingly, much attention has been given to the establishment and development of food safety risk assessment in China. In this article risk assessment research status of food borne pathogenic microorganisms, including applications of food safety risk assessment techniques to the storage, transportation, distribution of aquatic products, and new sterilization technology to lower risks caused by pathogenic microorganism in aquatic products, was introduced briefly. Based on the analysis of differences of pathogenic microorganism risk assessment in aquatic products between other countries and China, some views and suggestions about risk assessment researches in future were put forward.

Abstract:Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins 1 (DTX1) of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins were detected by ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC MS/MS)．After the toxins being extracted using methanol and water(80∶〖KG-*3〗20, V/V)，the solution was further extracted with n hexane to remove lipid components and then cleaned up by solid phase extraction(SPE) on an C18 cartridge．The analytes were eluted with 50%（V/V）acetonitral water containing 0.2% formic acid on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column．The qualitative and quantitative determination of the toxins was performed by selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode．OA and DTX1 were determined in the negative ion mode．The calibration curve was linear in the ranges of 25-400 μg/kg．The quantification limits of OA and DTX1were 5 μg/kg and 1 μg/kg, respectively．The mean recoveries at spiked concentrations of 5-100 μg/kg were more than 80% and the relative standard deviations were less than 10% (n = 6)．We studied toxin accumulation, transformation and elimination of DSP in 〖WTBX〗Meretrix meretrix〖WTBZ〗. The results showed that the increase in DSP content with the increase in time both in digestive gland and muscle during an 48 hour accumulation period when 〖WTBX〗Meretrix meretrixs〖WTBZ〗 were fed with 〖WTBX〗P. lima〖WTBZ〗. At the end of the accumulation period, the toxin amount of DTX1 in 〖WTBX〗Meretrix meretrix〖WTBZ〗 reached the regulatory limit in shellfish for OA group toxins. After the 96 hour elimination period, the amount of DSP decreased at least by 80%.

Abstract:Strain 51-43 was isolated using olive oil as sole carbon source in enrichment culture, while Rhodamine B as indicator from rich oil soil around Shanghai city. Strain 51-43 was identified as Aspergillus niger according to morphological observation and the partial 18S rDNA sequence analysis. The fermentation conditions of Aspergillus niger 51-43 lipase were optimized through the single factor and the orthogonal experiments. The optimal fermentation medium was composed of 2.35%peptone, 1%wheat flour, 0.1% K₂HPO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄·7H₂O, 0.01% CaCl₂, 1% NH₄Cl, 0.5% Tween-80 and 1% olive oil, pH 7.0. Under the fermentation condition of 28 ℃, 160 r/min, 72 h, the lipase activity could reach 19.28 U/mL，which was 2.21 times the original culture medium.

Abstract:In the later nineteenth century, western techniques of strong ships and guns showed that ocean civilization of western powers was strong.Before the Opium War, Chinese rulers recognized the sea as external natural defense “the Great Wall”. The ocean had never been incorporated into Chinese national security considerations. After the Opium War, China has to face the problem of how to face the threat from the sea and perform what marine strategy. As a modern thinker experiencing the Opium War, Wei Yuan put forward having the whole world in view, learning western strategies, and understanding of Western strong roots from different aspects. Wei Yuan advocated to use western good technology to control western countries. He advocated to transport the grain by sea instead of river, develop ocean commercial and new navy. He wanted that China could become a modern ocean country which could control western countries. As a modern Chinese thinker, Wei Yuan’s ideas of “ocean transporting, ocean commercial, ocean defense, navy, ocean power” showed that Chinese ocean consciousness awakening. With the development of the Western sea power theory in modern China, modern Chinese marine consciousness gradually changed from the enhancement of “sea power” transition to strive for “sea right”.

Abstract:Localization strategy is the key way for transnational enterprises to survive and develop in the wave of economic globalization. Human resources localization is the hinge of localization strategy. There are many driving forces for transnational enterprises to adopt human resources localization strategy. It can attract local talents to cut down managing cost, reduce culture friction to accelerate culture fusion, meet consumer demands to broaden marketing channels and ameliorate the relation with the country to promote corporate image. During the localization of human resources, transnational enterprises will meet with many difficult problems such as executing the values of parent company, promoting the sense of belonging of the local staffs, holding the level of human resources localization and winning the supports of host governments in talents attraction. Transnational enterprises must innovatively carry on the values of parent company, steadily push the process of human resources localization, jointly cultivate local talents in host countries and reasonably work out emolument systems to assure successful management all over the world.