Abstract:The development of the vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton of C. nasus was described. A series of wild specimens 7.0-33.9mm were cleared and stained for both cartilage and bone. All the skeletons developed in following sequence: pectoral girdle, dorsal and anal fin supports, haemal arches, neural arches and hypurals, vertebra, pelvic fin supports, epurals, predorsal bones, pleural ribs. According to the observation, the postcleithra was absent in C. nasus. Coracoidscapula cartilages were joined at ventral part. Parhypural connected to hypural 1 by temporary cartilage connection in specimen 20.1mm SL. The anterior epurals 1 and 2 fused together, resulting in a rodlike epural 1+2. An isolated neural arch was observed between neurocranium and first neural arch. The vertebral column developed both anteriad and posteriad center on the area ahead the middle section. All these characteristics were typical within engraulidid fish, except for the sequence of neural and haemal arches occurrence. The haemal arches started to develop both anteriad and posteriad from the middle part of notochord, and the neural arches also started to develop from the middle section and later also posteriad from just behind the head in specimen 12.4mm SL. This showed more similarity with higher fishes than fishes in Clupeiformes, thus C. nasus may be a transitional specie in evolution. 

Abstract:750 juvenile tilapia（Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochrmis aureu.s） were randomly allotted to five groups, and were fed diets supplemented with different level Betaine (0、0.15%、0.30%、0.45% and 0.60%) for 65 d to investigate the effects of Betaine on growth, fat content and biochemical indexs of blood of tilapia. The results showed that tilapia’ WGR were 19.52%、16.63% and 21.38% higher than that of control group (P<0.05) respectively when tilapia feed were added with 0.30%-0.60% Betaine; FRC reduced by 25.55%、20.44 % and 29.93%（P<0.05）respectively; the HSI reduced by 9.29%、38.57% and 29.29% (P<0.05); the contents of TG in Tilapia’s plasma reduced by 66.28%、55.81% and 80.23% (P<0.05) respectively; the activities of AMY in Tilapia’s plasma reduced by 88.78%、37.59% and 62.41% (P<0.05); the contents of ALB and TP in Tilapia’s plasma were improved, the contents of CHOL in Tilapia’s plasma reduced; the activities of LDH、ALT and AST in Tilapia’s plasma reduced respectively. Therefore, under this research condition, it is suggested that the supplement of Betaine in diets of juvenile tilapia was the best at 0.45%~0.60%.

Abstract:The effects of corn gluten meal (CGM) as a partial replacement of fish meal in diet on the growth and muscle composition of Macrobrachium nipponensis were studied. The experiment diets contained a gradient of CGM such as 0% (the control), 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 12%+0.1%MHAGa respectively. All diets were fed to the shrimp triplicately. In the first phase of the experiment, diets were fed to juvenile shrimp (initial body weight of 0.12±0.04 g) for 30 days, and in the second phase diets were fed to juvenile shrimp(initial body weight of 0.23±0.12 g) for 23 days. Growth, survival rate and the muscle composition of M.nipponensis were determined. The results indicated that there was no significantly difference in relative growth rate and survival rate among the treatments（P>0.05）although there was a tendency of declining relative growth rate with the increment of the partial replacement. The nutrition assays of the shrimp muscle indicated that there were no significant effects of the partial replacement on water content, total lipid, crude ash, total amino acid（TAA）and total essential amino acid（TEAA）of the shrimp muscle（P>0.05）. The polyunsaturated fatty acid and DHA+EPA proportion in total fatty acid profiles of the muscle obviously decreased as the amount of CGM in diet was more than 9.0%.

Abstract:To discuss the relationship between fatty acid and the ovary development, the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of muscle, liver and egg were analysed using gas chromatography. Comparisons were made between Ⅲ-Ⅳ and Ⅴ stages of ovary development in wild broodstocks of Paralichthys olivaceus. The results indicated that there were significant differences of lipid contents among muscle, liver and egg tissues. The lipid content in liver of Ⅲ-Ⅳ stages was significantly lower than that in Ⅴ stage. There were significant differences of fatty acid compositions in muscle, liver and egg tissues between Ⅲ-Ⅳ andⅤ stages, especially PUFA.There were higher relative contents of n3HUFA, DHA, DPA, EPA in egg at Ⅴ stage than those in liver and muscle at the same stage. The ratio of DHA/EPA in liver of Ⅲ-Ⅳ stage broodstocks was significantly higher than those at Ⅴ stage, but the ratio of EPA/ARA was significantly lower. These results suggested that some fatty acids were essential to Paralichthys olivaceus during sexual maturation. In order to ensure the normal reproduction, during cultivating, PUFA, especially DHA, EPA and ARA need to be supplemented.

Abstract:Symptoms of ophthalmia of pet chelonian included eye closed, eyelid got red and membranae nictitans moved. It is a common disease on pet chelonian. A dominant bacterial strain isolated from the sick chelonian’s eye is assigned as the strain A5. The artificial infection test proved that the isolated A5 was the pathogenic bacterium that caused the disease. Synthesizing the morphology, physiological and biochemical characterization, and 16S rDNA of A5 was sequenced, the results showed that strain A5 exhibited the highest levels of similarity to the Pseudomonas fluorescens bv.C. The drug sensitivity test of strain A5 revealed that the pathogen was sensitive to drugs such as ofloxacin, gentamicin, tenebrimycin and piperacillin. The forty ophthalmic pet chelonians were divided into 8 groups to be treated and the efficacy analyzed in different treatments. The results showed that the drug effect of ofloxacin was better than sulfacetamide sodium and chloramphenicol. The curative effect of sick chelonian treated at 25 ℃ was better than at 5 ℃, and doing surgery was good for the cure of ophthalmia. Adding the dose of drug and intramuscular injection had no significant difference. The study could be helpful for clinic diagnosis in pet chelonian disease.

Abstract:To clarify the species composition and distribution of zooplankton in the surf zones of Yangtze River estuary, zooplankton was collected monthly along the 13 stations by a zooplankton net (diameter: 30 cm, 0.2 mm meshaperture) from April 2006 to June 2007, respectively. Totally 156 seine hauls were made, 74 species and 10 kind of planktonic larvae were observed during the study period. It included 63 crustacean species (43 copepod species, 15 cladoceran species and other 5 species), 5 insect species, 3 rotifers, 2 medusa species, 1 chaetognath species. Sinocalanus sinensis was the most dominant species with 0.52 dominance index; Schmackeria poplesia was the second dominant species with 0.22 dominance index. The results indicate that the zooplankton community in the surf zone of Yangtze River estuary was mainly composed of brackish estuarine species during the investigation. Influenced by environmental factors such as river runoff, ocean current, temperature and salinity, the abundance of fresh and coastal species displays seasonal variations. And the community structure of zooplankton varied widely in different sites.

Abstract:Habitat suitability index (HSI) has been widely used in fishery resources exploitation, management, assessment and protection since it was found in the early 1980s, and it has become one of the most important tools in fishery science research. In this article, outlining the studies in the world, the theory and methods of HSI, and the advance applications and exist problems have been summarized. Some advice should be considered sufficiently in the application of HSI, i.e., (1) study on target species’ life history and biological characteristics and its habitats; (2) suitable environment factors should be selected according to different growth stages; (3) research on spatialtempral scales of data and rule set on data; (4) selecting logical weights upon different factors based on literature and expert knowledge; (5) selecting preparatory HSI models be propitious to the various goals, such as protection area, fishing ground and biomass evaluation; (6) selecting suitable HSI models by comparison of models and related analysis; (7) modifying models using insitu or recent data in order to improve precision of model.

Abstract:During the trial fishing in the open waters off Costa Rica in the central east Pacific in July and August 2007, 281 jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas were sampled to examine the biological characteristics. The squid mantle length ML ranged from 205 to 429 mm, and the dominant size between 260 mm and 360 mm which accounted for 81.14% of the total. Body weight was 0.17-1.69 kg, in which 88.26% was 0.2-2.0 kg. The female : male ratio was 3.76∶1. Maturity stages for the squid was mainly at Ⅲ and Ⅳ. 94.92% males and 66.67% females were mature. Feeding stage 0 and 1 attained 89.32%. The MLweight relationship was expressed as W=2.35×10^-7L_M^2.5944. It can be found that the size of jumbo squid off Costa Rica was smaller and thinner than that in the Gulf of California and waters off Chile and Peru, which indicated that jumbo squid off Costa Rica belongs to small or mediumsized group.

Abstract:Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used to standardize catch per unit fishing effort (CPUE) of Chinese bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) fishery in the Indian Ocean. In CPUE standardization, nominal CPUE was treated as the dependent variable and three groups of affected variables were considered: spatial variables (longitude and latitude), temporal variables (year and month) and environmental variables (temperature at various depths, salinity at various depths and Sea Level Height). The results indicated that the standardized and nominal CPUEs were similar and showed the same trends in spatiotemporal distribution. The CPUE increased with year and high CPUE usually occurred in 42°E-60°E, 85°E -90°E, 15°S-5°S and 10°N-15°N. Both the results of GLM and GAM showed that the longitude was the most important variable affecting CPUE, which could explain 17.3% and 23.81% of the deviance，respectively. The effects of latitude, the interaction terms of longitude and latitude, year, temperature at 317 m depth and temperature at 381 m depth on CPUE were also apparent. GLM tended to be more appropriate than GAM in the analysis of CPUE standardization in this study.

Abstract:The Northwest Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) separating system mainly consists of the fish and water separator and the fish size grader. Studying on the separating system and raising some improvement measures are beneficial to reducing the labor costs, improving the grading effects and productivity. Aiming at the traditional separating system, the main structure, box structure, seepage plate structure of the fish and water separator and the separating structure, stand bar structure of the fish size grader were redesigned based on the fishing experience. The improvement measures are described as follows: (1)constructing a drainage channel below the main structure of the fish and water separator, and the angle between drainage channel to the horizontal plan is about 15~20 °; (2)constructing a top cover above the fish and water separator box, and adhering a layer of flexible waterproof thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) to the inner cover layer of the box and the top cover; (3)The seepage plate is designed into a removable twotier board structure; (4)The number of the sorting pipes increased to 15, and the length increased to 250cm, the grading storages are added up to five; (5)The original fixed stand bars of the fishing separator are redesigned into removable stand bars; (6)Fish skateboard is designed to slope about 30 °; (7)adding a set of water jet screens over the fish separator. The redesigned fish separating system is suitable for the separating of Northwest Pacific saury and the other smallsize fish species.

Abstract:Through measuring major ions of Dishui Lake water every two weeks from January to December in 2009, we concluded that the average total ion content of the lake was 1.82 g/L and the water of Dishui Lake was brackish.The major anion and cation were Cl^- and Na⁺ respectively. The water type was Cl^Na_Ⅲ according to Alekin classification. The total ion content decreased gradually in 2009, and the ion composition of the lake changed significantly with the proportions of Cl^- and Mg²⁺ decreasing and HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺increasing. Significant difference lay in the total ion contents among different sampling sites. The area around water sports club had the highest total ion contents while the lowest site was South Island district. As to the ion composition, no significant difference was observed among five sampling sites. Analyzing the relationship between the ion composition and total ion content in Dishui Lake, we concluded that the higher total ions concentration, the larger the proportion of Cl^- and the less the proportion of HCO₃^-. The water type of Dishui Lake was significantly different from other lakes in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and common natural brackish lakes. The important information about total ions, ion composition and spatiotemporal variation of Dishui Lake were obtained which laid a good foundation for water chemistry and ecological research in the future.

Abstract:Chitosanase (EC3.2.1.132) catalyses the hydrolysis of the β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in chitosan to produce physiologically active chitooligosaccharides, polyglucosamines with 2 to 10 degrees of polymerization. It has been found in many microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. 51 chitosanaseproducing strains were screened and isolated from 11 soilsamples rich in shrimp and crab shells by transparent circles in the culture media containing chitosan as sole carbon source. After screening of flatpanel, flaskshaking cultivation and enzyme kinetics in fermentation, a strain (H₂) with higher chitosanlytic activity was acquired. According to its morphological, cultural, biochemical and physiological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA, the strain was identified and named as Streptomyces roseolus DH. Further studies of fermentation conditions showed that the optimum temperature and initial pH of medium were 30 ℃ and 7.2, respectively. Moreover, the colloid chitosan (1.0%) and peptone (0.5%) were chosen as the best carbon and nitrogen sources among the tested ones. Under these conditions, the activity of chitosanase in media reached 6.10±0.12 U/mL after 60hour fermentation. This strain with higher yield of chitosanase and shorter fermentation period displayed good potential for future applications.

Abstract:Hybrid snakehead(Channa maculate♀×Channa argus♂)and Channa argus with the nearly same standard were selected to study contrastively for evaluating their flesh quality. Then, muscle nutrients composition, free amino acid content, physical parameters and flesh texture parameters were determined to analyze the flesh quality. About muscle nutrients composition , there were no differences(P＞0.05)in muscle crude protein , crude ash and crude fat between hybrid snakehead and Channa argus, but muscle moisture of hybrid snakehead was increased significantly ( P<0.01) .The contents of total free amino acids, flavor amino acids and essential amino acid of hybrid snakehead increased by 7.90%, 9.19% and 9.01%, respectively. About flesh physical index between hybrid snakehead and Channa argus, while the muscle fiber diameter and water loss rate of hybrid snakehead reduced significantly (P< 0.01), myofibril length of hybrid snakehead was increased significantly ( P< 0.01). Compared with the group of Channa argus, textural parameters of hybrid snakehead, including springiness, hardness and chewiness were decreased significantly (P<0.01), whereas cohesiveness of hybrid snakehead was increased significantly ( P< 0.01).However, there were no differences(P＞0.05)in resilience among hybrid snakehead and Channa argus. Therefore, it came to the conclusion that flesh quality of muscle nutrients composition and textural parameters were nearly accordant between hybrid snakehead and Channa argus, and that flesh quality of free amino acid content and physical indices of hybrid snakehead were better than Channa argus’s.

Abstract:As human society goes into the information age with the core of the computers and networks, the computers and network have gained widespread popularization and application,penetrated all aspects of the social life and become the most important one of the basic tools of the main human social life. University students’ network behavior is becoming more and more common, network has become an indispensable constituent part of the student’learning, associating, entertainment, and so on. Network is affecting college students’ cognition, emotion, thought and psychology, and also brings unprecedented opportunities and challenges for college ideological and political education work. Through research into ideological and political education work in the Internet age, putting forward corresponding countermeasure becomes an important issue. Through studying on the characteristics of the network and network group, and on this basis, we explored “E-class” as the platform, and advanced some suggestions on constructing a batch of high quality network group and the webmasters, exerting their positive factors, strengthening civilization network community construction, so as to improve the effectiveness of the ideological and political education in the network.

Abstract:College English is one of the most important public fundamental courses offered for nonlanguage majors 〖JP〗in agricultural and forestry universities of China. When it comes to College English Teaching (CET) in these universities, the characteristics of CET itself as well as the selfdevelopment law of some featured disciplines must be taken into consideration. Over the recent years, the agricultural and forestry universities of China have achieved a lot in the faculty development, syllabus designing, textbooks and reference books compiling, teaching methods and courses assessment, etc. However, CET reform admits of no evasion of many issues. This requires that these universities, on the premise of keeping the features and advantages of their disciplines unchanged, readjust the training objective of CET in terms of the objective orientation for the future talents so as to improve CET in these universities as much as possible. The present paper discusses the current features, achievements, issues and countermeasures concerning CET in agricultural and forestry universities.