Abstract:To investigate the role of epigen,a member of epidermal growth factor,in flounder Paralichthys olivaceus during metamorphosis stage,we characterised the epigen gene,which is cloned from the cDNA library of metamorphosing Paralichthys olivaceus.The epigen gene encodes 162 amino acids with a signal peptide,a transmembrane helix and a EGF-like domain.EGF-like domain contains six cysteines and three disulfide bonds,and is conserved between Paralichthys olivaceus and other species.Fluorescent real-time qRT-PCR was used to analyse the change of epigen gene expression during metamorphosing stage.From pro-metamorphic stage(17DAH,day after hatching) to pre-metamorphic stage,the expression level of epigen gene increased by 136.3%.Then,the expression level decreased by around 80% from pre-metamorphic to metamorphic climax.There was no significant change from metamorphic climax to post-metamorphic stage,and the expression of epigen gene kept at a relatively low level.The expression pattern of epigen gene during metamorphosing stage indicates that the epigen might be involved in the developmental events in pre-metamorphosing flounder,but not at metamorphic climax or post-metamorphosis stage.

Abstract:Morphological variations among four geographical populations of Sanguinolaria diphos were analyzed using three multivariation analysis methods using 7 morphometric proportional parameters.The results of clusters analysis and principal component analysis show that Qinzhou and Beihai populations,Zhanjiang and Lianjiang populations were morphological similar,while Beihai and Lianjiang populations were quite different.The contribution rates of the first,second and third principal components(P₁,P₂ and P₂) were 38.395%,27.653% and 20.224%,respectively,and the cumulative contribution rate was 86.272%.Resultsof discriminant analysis show that the morphological differences of the 4 populations were significant(P<0.01).Discriminant functions of the 4 populations were established,and the discriminant accuracy rate of P₁ and P₂ were from 73.30% to 90.00% and from 73.30% to 90.00%,respectively,and the comprehensive discriminant accuracy rate was 79.18%.Resultsof correlation analysis show that there were significant correlation between the Euclidean distance and the geographical distance(r=0.669 9).

Abstract:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique and morphological characters analysis were used to investigate the growth and variation of four consecutively selected lines (black, white, red, yellow shell colors) of Pinctada martensii, with the aim of providing theoretical basis for further selection.The results showed that in four F3 generation of selective lines of P.martensii shell color purification rates were 95.83% for black, 88.33% for white, 100% for red and 95.0% for yellow shell color respectively.the growth rate of selected lines of the four shell colors were greater than that of the unselected population, there also existed significant difference between the selective lines in terms of growth rate.The polymorphic loci percentages (P) in four lines were 82.51%, 81.93%, 75.30% and 77.03%, respectively.Nei's gene diversity (H) was 0.233 6, 0.213 4, 0.196 5 and 0.201 9, respectively, and Shannon information indexes (Hi) were 0.351 6, 0.323 0, 0.279 9, 0.305 9, respectively.The genetic differentiation (G_st) between four lines were from 0.214 3 to 0.318 6.The mean genetic distances (D_xy) were 0.113 5 between black and white, 0.130 3 between white and yellow, 0.134 9 between black and yellow, 0.154 6 between white and red, 0.158 4 between red and yellow, 0.196 8 between black and red, respectively.Cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationships from near to far between four shell color lines were black, white, yellow and red.There existed higher genetic diversity in each selected line.Higher genetic differentiations were present between selected lines.Resultsof the study can provide theoretical support for the directed selection of four shell color lines of P.martensii.

Abstract:The cytology of the fertilization and early embryonic development of Tegillarca granosa were consecutively observed by optical microscope and paraffin section method.The unfertilized mature eggs were at metaprophase of first meiosis;After mixing of sperms and eggs,sperms quickly attached to the surface of the egg,and the maturation division began;At about 9-12 min and 18-20 min,the fertilized eggs released the first and the second polar bodies respectively in the progress of maturation division;After completion of second maturation division,at about the 20 min,sperm nucleus and the haploid female nucleus expanded immediately and developed into the male and female pronuclei,and the male pronucleus formed earlier than the female pronucleus;At about 25 min,the two pronuclei combined and their chromosomes formed respectively;At about 35 min,the chromosomes were separated equally into two daughter cells which are different evidently in size;At about 45 min,the second cleavage was completed with the result of forming four daughter cells,one big and three small.Additionally,polyspermy were observed in the experiment,and several male pronuclei can combine with the female pronucleus and form polyspindles.The reasons of polyspermy and results of embryonic development of Tegillarca granosa were also discussed deeply.

Abstract:A pathogenic Vibrio harveyi strain LY-1 was originally isolated from diseased Lateolabrax japonicus cultured in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province.873 bp-length fragment of ToxR gene cloned from the DNA of V.harveyi strain LY-1 was sequenced and showed that it shared high identity of 99% to those of V.harveyi in GenBank, and had lower similarities to those of V.parahaemolyticus, V.anguilarum, V.vulnificus, V.fisheri, V.alginolyticus, V.hollisae and V.mimicus, with only 27.62%~72.49% identity.A set of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers were designed and synthesized based on the conservative sections of V.harveyi ToxR gene, and the LAMP for detection of V.harveyi was developed after optimizing the factors.LAMP required only a incubation at 65 ℃ for 45 min, and its detection limit for V.harveyi DNA was 1 fg, which was found to be more sensitive than the commonly used PCR method.To date, this is first report that LAMP method is used to detect V.harveyi rapidly.

Abstract:In this paper,the reproductive characters and differentiations were studied among Oujiang color common carp(C.carpio var.color) with five color patterns(Whole red,Whole red-big black spots,Whole red-small black spots,Whole white and Whole white-big black spots) at 2-and 3-year-old stages.The results showed that the mean absolute fecundity of 3-year-old fish was 345 500 eggs,higher than that of 2-year-old fish(200 900 eggs);the mean relative fecundity of 3-year-old fish was 216.76 eggs per gram body weight,higher than that of 2-year-old fish(187.26) eggs per gram body weight.The fecundity of 3-year-old fish was significantly higher than that of 2-year-old fish(P<0.01).There were no significant difference in gonadosomatic index(GSI),absolute fecundity and relative fecundity among five types of female Oujiang color common carps(P<0.05).A linear correlation was found between absolute fecundity and body weight expressed as the formula: Y=0.0225X-2.5591(R=0.835 5,P<0.01),and a power function relation between absolute fecundity and standard body length as Y=0.0068X^2.8002,(R=0.728 5,P<0.01).The gonad weight of 3-year-old male fish was significantly higher than that of 2-year-old male fish,but no significant differences were found in GSI between 2-and 3-year-old male fish,and among five types of male Oujiang color common carp(P<0.05).It was suggested that 3-4 year-old female fish and 2-3 year-old male fish would be optimal broodstocks.

Abstract:Morphological charaters of broodstocks and their glochidia were compared in reciprocal hrybid of triangle mussel Hyriopsis cumingii from two drainage systems.The results indicated that the umbo position of broodstock from Taihu Lake was significantly closer to anterior of shell,and the ratios of shell width and shell height to corresponding shell length were also obviously lower than those from Hongzehu Lake(P<0.01).The external feature of triangle mussel from Taihu Lake and Hongzehu Lake was long-flat type,round-plump type respectively.Glochidia Index of cross group H0T was(0.066 7±0.005 9),significantly higher than three other groups(P<0.01),and had observed heterosis(2.54%).The ratio of shell length to shell height of glochidia in Group T0H and T0T was(0.828 4±0.029 4),obviously lower than Group H0H and H0T which had(0.848 2±0.034 5)on average.T-test showed there was no significant difference between those groups which had the same source of female parents(P=0.286,P=0.106).These results indicated that this character was maternal inheritance,which was in accord with previous studies on intraspecific hybridization of mussel.More analysis will be concentrated on glochidia survival and growth of juvenile mussel in reciprocal hybird of this species.

Abstract:The aim of the present study was to identify the distribution, change and relationship of the individual absolute fecundity (F) and relative fecundity (F_L in eggs/cm and F_W in eggs/g) .48 specimens of Paracanthobrama guichenoti were obtained from Lake Cheng in 2008.F varies from 17 100-38 300 (average 24 500) eggs, F_L from 940-1 520 (average 1 130) eggs/cm, and F_W from 95-155 (average 119) eggs/g.The relations of F of Paracanthobrama guichenoti to body length, body weight and age are shown to be quadratic, linear and cubic positively, respectively.The relations of F_L to body length and body weight are shown to be cubic positively, but F_W is not related to body character indexes.The mature fish should have the body length from 21-23 cm and age from 2-3 years.Curve estimation regression analyses via SPSS software showed its F and F_L significantly related with body length, weight and maturing coefficient, but relative fecundity per gram (F_W) only with maturing coefficient.Futhermore, based on the relationship between individual fecundity and morphological indices, the individual fecundity and reproduction ability of fish population should be estimated and forecasted.Overall, the results of the present study indicated that the relationship between body weight and fecundity was closer than that of body length and age, in a way, it is suitable to use the body weight of Paracanthobrama guichenoti to estimate the population productiveness.

Abstract:Methods based on hierarchical cluster analysis, numerical taxonomy was first applied to 13 kinds of Brachionus, Platyias militaris and Lepadella patella.A total of 45 characters was evaluated from specimens in 15 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) .The results of hierarchical cluster analysis show that relation and the taxonomic position of 13 (OTU) kinds of Brachionus, Lepadella patelle and Platyias militaris.It was so concluded that Platyias militaris and B.diversicornis was assigned to Brachionus.The results of numerical taxonomy could objectively reflect the taxonomic position of Brachionus.

Abstract:From the view of the fishery industry standard property as a whole,it not only has the universality of the industry standard,but also has the particularity of its own.It is mainly used in the fields of aquaculture,fishing,aquatic products processing,transport and trade etc.,and is part of agricultural standards.The fishery professional standard is an emerging discipline which has evolved from the technology of aquaculture,fishing and aquatic products processing,and the optimization method of production management.The fishery professional standardization is a whole process that converts the research findings,advanced technologies and mature experiences into fishery professional standards,then carries out and implements those standards,and checks and supervises the implementation process,by applying the standardization principle and based on the fishery scientific research results and fishery practical experience.This paper described the definition,contents which covered,features and functions,and the evaluation method for fishery professional standardization.And the foundation of fishery professional standardization was discussed.

Abstract:Mass moralities of Aerossocheilus fasciatus with red-skin were occurred in Xinchang fishery farm, Zhejiang province, in March 2010.The bacteria strain GCL100301 was isolated from liver of moribund Aerossocheilus fasciatus and identified by the bacteriological and molecule biology method, which were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens.The strain was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Neomycin and resistant to Penicillin, SMZ+TMP, Cefazolin, Novobiocin, Furazolidone and Ceftofur.It would provide theoretical event for prevention and cure this disease.

Abstract:Nutritional components in the muscle of the 2nd generation GIFT strain of Nile tilapia bred by Wuxi Freshwater Fisheries Research Center were tested and analyzed with routine methods.The results showed that content of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash of fresh muscles were 78.8%, 17.39%, 0.89% and 1.32% respectively.Except tryptophan, 17 common amino acids were detected in muscle which include 7 essential amino acids for human body.In dry sample, the total content of amino acids was 76.01% and the content of essential amino acids was 30.46%.The percentage of essential amino acids in total amino acids was 40.07%.The constitutional rate of the essential amino acids accorded with the FAO/WHO Standard.The main limited amino acids of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia were Met+Cys, Val and Ile.The essential amino acids index (EAAI) was 69.55.In dry sample, the content of delicious amino acids was 29.55%.The content of polyunsaturated fatty acid in fatty acids was 24.56%, which was higher than some other high quality cyprinid fishes.The total content of EPA and DHA in fatty acids was 11.9%, which was higher than some other economic fishes.The composition of trace elements of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia was abundant and reasonable.Mineral elements were rich in GIFT tilapia.It was indicated that GIFT strain of Nile tilapia had high edible value and health effect.

Abstract:This trial investigated the effects of garlic stem powder and oregano leaf powder on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and serum biochemical indexes of the mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.minor) .A total of seven trial treatment groups: G1 was control group, G2 added 10 mg/kg Flavomycin, G3, G4 added 0.5% and 2.5% garlic stem powder respectively, G5, G6 added 0.1% and 0.5% oregano leaf powder respectively, G7 added 0.5% garlic stem powder and 0.5% powder.Each treatment had 3 replicates of 10 fish with initial body weight (201.45±16.25) g.The feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks.The results showed: Compared with G1 and G2, the specific growth rate and weight gain rate were increased and feed conversion rate was reduced significantly of G3 garlic group (P<0.05) ;the efficiency of the protein was increased significantly of G3, G4 garlic group and G5, G6 oregano group (P<0.05) .Compared with G1, the activity with protease and lipase in hepatopancreas and protease in foregut and midgut were significantly increased of G3 garlic group (P<0.05) ;the protease activity in hepatopancreas was significantly increased of G4 garlic group (P<0.05) ;the amylase and lipase activity in intestinal were significantly higher of G5, G6, G7 than of G1, G2 (P<0.05) .Compared with G1, the TP, ALB and GLB were increased significantly of G3, G6 and G7 (P<0.05) ;CHOL, ALT and AST of G2 were significantly reduced (P<0.05) .Conclusion: the feed with 0.5% garlic stem powder can effectively improve the growth performance;but oregano leaf powder can't promote the growth of the mirror carp significantly.

Abstract:A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate effect of different diets on growth performance,digestive enzyme activitives,phosphatase activities and body composition of juvenile Elineophelelus malabaricus.The juveniles(15±0.5) g were fed with raw fish(Group A),formulated diet(Group B),and Group C was fed with raw fish in the morning,formulated diet in the afternoon.The results showed: WG and SGR of Group A were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of other groups,and Group C was slightly higher(P>0.05) than Group B.Gastric and intestinal proteinase activities of Group A,and amylase activities of Group B were the highest among the three groups,but no significant difference in lipase activities was observed among the experiment groups(P>0.05);alkaline phosphatase activities of Group C were slightly lower than those of Group A and slighter higher than those of Group B(P>0.05),Group A was significantly higher than Group B(P<0.05),acid phosphatase activities of Group A were significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of other experiment Groups.No significant difference in moisture content and crude ash content in whole fish was observed among the experiment groups,but significant difference was found in crude protein content(P<0.05),respectively,Group A>Group C>Group B,however,crude fat content showed a contrary tendency and the difference was also significant(P<0.05).Hence,raw fish significantly outperform formulated diet for juvenile Epinephelus malabaricus,and it is fairly good to feed the juvenile with raw fish and formulated diet alternately.

Abstract:Based on the sustained investigation on sampling catch in stow net of Anqing, Changshu and Chongming sections, studies on temporal and spatial diversity characteristics of nearshore fishery community in the lower reaches of Yangtze River were carried out during 2001-2008.In this period, eighty fish species, fourteen crustacean species and one jellyfish species, belonging to 15 orders, 34 families and 74 genera, were collected.A total of 52 species belonging to 7 orders, 14 families and 39 genera were recorded in Anqing section, 55 species belonging to 12 orders, 23 families and 46 genera in Changshu section and 31 species belonging to 9 orders, 18 families and 28 genera in Chongming section.Proportion of freshwater species in community of Anqing and Changshu were 92.31% and 70.91% respectively, while marine water species proportion of Chongming was 90.32%.Fishery communities in three sections were all dominated by benthic species, which occupied 42.31-54.84% of aforesaid communities, and proportion of carnivorous species was close to that of omnivorous species, with the combination ranged from 88.46% to 100%.The significant difference in water ecological environment determined the spatial diversity characteristic of fishery community in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which showed a gradual transition from freshwater community to marine water community.On the other hand, it showed that species collected in summer and autumn were more than those in spring and winter, at the same time bigger size and diversity indexes could also be observed in spring and autumn.Yearly fluctuation of main indexes indicated that after the Spring no-fishing, diversity level of fishery communities of Anqing and Changshu rose significantly with a smooth trend.But in Chongming section, the same indexes fluctuated in a wide range, without uptrend.

Abstract:Jumbo flying squid(Dosidicus gigas) was one of the important economic oceanic cephalopods,playing an important role in the food web.According to the analysis of 383 samples of stomach contents caught by squid jigging fleet in waters off Peru from September to October in 2009,the temporal and spatial variation of feeding behavior was analyzed.It was found that the difference of the monthly degree of stomach fullness was significant(P<0.01),and the mean value in September was higher than that in October.But the difference between male and female was not significant(P>0.05) as well as the diurnal variation.However,the day and night difference of the level of digestion was significant(P<0.01),and the level dropped to the lowest at local time(19:00,the following similar),the average value was 1,up to the highest,grade 6 at 03:00.Predation mainly occurred during the 19:00 and 21:00,almost no continual feeding behavior has been found.The empty stomach was only found in the 25-50 cm mantle length(ML) individuals.There was no fish found in the stomachs of 20-25 cm ML individuals,but the highest proportions of fish appeared in 25-60 cm ML groups.There was only fish debris in the stomach content of larger individuals,which were longer than 50 cm ML.Cephalopods and crustaceans were mainly fed by 25-35 cm ML,40-45 cm ML and 25-40 cm ML individuals,respectively.However,diet selection had no significant difference(P> 0.05).

Abstract:This article reviews the relationship between marine protected areas(MPAs) and fisheries management through collecting and filing the papers related to MPAs.MPAs can strengthen the goal of integrated fisheries management: protecting the biodiversity in the ecological function,providing the model of education in the social function,and promoting the job opportunity of fishermen in the economic function.On the other hand,fisheries management can improve process of MPAs: providing a legal basis for MPAs,perfecting the framework and enhancing the effect of MPAs.But in the implementation of MPAs in China's fisheries management,we should do something such as: advancing a law,which can be used to coordinate and command other laws,setting up a MPAs committee,improving the monitoring system of MPAs,and stepping up research on MPAs etc.

Abstract:The Yangtze Estuarine nature reserve for Chinese Sturgeon is an important place for immature Acipenser sinensis.It has significant meaning to analyze and evaluate the eco-environment of Yangtze Estuarine Nature Reserve for Chinese Sturgeon.According to the analysis of the research data in August, 2005 and in May and August, 2006, the evaluation results indicated that the comprehensive quality was at the level of "middle pollution", and the ecological environment in the Nature Reserve was evaluated by the methods of single parameter pollution index, eutrophication index, and biodiversity index.The pollution of DIP in the Reserve is serious and the pollution of DIN is worsened.The eutrophication level in May, 2006 was the highest.The eutrophication level in North Channel of Changjiang Estuary was higher than the other waters in the same period.The phytoplankton biomass is maldistributed and the community structure is simple and unstable.The phytoplankton biomass in August, 2005 was larger than that of level in May and August, 2006.but the level of bio-diversity was lower in August, 2005.Through analyzing the incidental catches of the large-scale Acipenser sinensis, it was found that the environment change and engineering activities formed the potential hazard to Acipenser sinensis.

Abstract:The investigation on water quality of Bailianjing reach in Shanghai was carried out from April 2007 to April 2009.One cross-section at South Ferry of Huangpu River and three cross-sections at Bailianjing River were chosen and the survey covered both the spring and neap tides throughout the years.The damming of pump-gateway engineering on Bailianjing River was started in October 2007.Five water quality parameters which were dissolved oxygen (DO) , biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) , permanganate index (COD_Mn) , total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) , were used to calculate the standard category index of 4 cross-sections.The results showed that the most important pollutants were TN and TP.Weight coefficients of TN in excess of 40% or even 50%, were over V grade and didn't meet the corresponding water quality standard.Weight coefficients of TP were more than 10% or even 30%, and TP content was 0.8⁵.6 times as high as National Grade IV.In general, water quality of three sites at Bailianjing River was inferior to that of Huangpu River, but the pre-construction water quality was better than building sluiced.Before pump-gateway was constructed, the proportion of IV grade water in Bailianjing River during spring tide period was 29%, 21% above that during neap tide period (8%) .After pump-gateway engineering started, the percentage of the water grade worse than V during spring and neap tide periods was 87% and 88%, showing that tides did not have any noticeable effect on Bailianjing River.

Abstract:Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , ammonia excretion rate and critical stifling point of Odontobutis yaluensis were measured.The results indicated that there were significant circadian rhythm of oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Odontobutis yaluensis.The peak OCR and the peak ammonia excretion rate of Odontobutis yaluensis (66.72±8.30 g) were (0.207 0±0.005 1) mg/ (g·h) and (0.004 0±0.001 3) mg/ (g·h) at 0:30 in (13.5±0.5) ℃, respectively.The peak OCR and the peak ammonia excretion rate of Odontobutis yaluensis (15.63±4.78 g) were (0.197 7±0.013 2) mg/ (g·h) at 0:30 and (0.008 5±0.003 1) mg/ (g·h) at 4:30 in (13.5±0.5) ℃, respectively.The peak OCR and the peak ammonia excretion rate of Odontobutis yaluensis (1.78±0.93 g) were (0.410 9±0.252 6) mg/ (g·h) at 20:30 and (0.027 9±0.006 6) mg/ (g·h) at 8:30 in (13.5±0.5) ℃, respectively.The critical stifling point of different body weight (66.72±8.30 g, 15.63±4.78 g and 1.78±0.93 g) were 0.13, 0.16 and 0.29 mg/L at (13.5±0.5) ℃, respectively.The significant negative relationship was demonstrated between the body weight and critical stifling point.A significant negative relationship was demonstrated between the body weight and the OCR and between the body weight and the ammonia excretion rate, however the temperature (0~24 ℃) and the OCR and the temperature and the ammonia excretion rate were positively correlated.

Abstract:In this study, natural zeolite pretreated by sodium chloride solution under thermal treatment was used to remove ammonium from aqueous solution.Adsorption kinetics, adsorption equilibrium isotherms and adsorption mechanism were investigated by conducting a series of batch experiments.The results indicated that NaCl modified zeolite exhibited higher ammonium adsorption capacity than natural zeolite.The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of ammonium onto natural zeolite and NaCl modified zeolite could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and followed the intra-particle diffusion model only during the initial stage of the adsorption process.The results from adsorption equilibrium studies indicated that the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were well fitted to experimental data.The maximum adsorption capacity of zeolite treated by 90 ℃ NaCl solution, zeolite treated by 30 ℃ NaCl solution, and natural zeolite were 19.5 mg/g, 17.8 mg/g and 17.2 mg/g, respectively.The results also showed that the adsorption of ammonium from aqueous solution by the natural zeolite and the zeolite treated by NaCl solution is predominated by ion exchange, whereas physical adsorption has little influence.

Abstract:In view of the current global energy shortage crisis,a new oscillating buoy ocean wave power generation device is designed which uses the ocean wave energy.This paper briefly introduces the basic components of the device,determines the scheme of the conversion device,completes the structure design of the conversion device,and explains the working process of device.It combines the knowledge of wave theory and computation principle,ocean wave energy conversion,mechanical design,and uses the MATLAB software to compute the theoretical efficiency of the device.Suppose the device is under the action of regular linear waves,through the theoretical calculation,the theoretical efficiency of this device is up to 0.393 when the wave period is 5 s,wave height is 1.5 m,the buoy diameter is 0.2 m,and buoy height is 0.3 m.The device has good power generation efficiency and high reliability,which has a broad prospect for development.

Abstract:Taking Zhoushan and Shanghai market as example, the paper analyses the price fluctuation, income and price elasticity of Trichiurus haumela.The studies results are: (1) There are two changes cycle of price during one year in Zhoushan market; (2) The price increased greatly in 2007; (3) During 2004 and 2007, the price of different size increased and the price of larger size fish grew more quickly; (4) The income elasticity of consumer in Shanghai is between 0 and 1.To improve economic effects of hailtail industrial, the authors think the selective fishing gear should be encouraged to protect small size fish.Also we should prohibit small fish entering market, encourage using angling gear to catch larger fish and assess the fishery resources value added tax upon fisherman using destructive fishing gear.The government should also advance the TAC, IQ and ITQ system to balance the supply of the fish.

Abstract:Developing an evaluation system can greatly improve the traceability, comparability, comprehen-siveness and publicity of course evaluation.However, such a system need plenty of related data.This paper described the research on course evaluation system based on the digital campus platform.First, the evaluation methods including rules and algorithms were introduced.Then the analysis and design of the system which includes the analysis of functions, structure, data, diagrams, security and data sharing are described in detail.At last, application of the system is introduced.The system can be important basis of political course evaluation.

Abstract:National Student Loan is a measure to solve the financial difficulties in students' learning and life in college.The development of National Student Loan benefits government to promote social harmony and stability,and helps colleges and universities to ensure school funding and improves policy system funded students with financial difficulties.Also it helps students to overcome financial difficulties and seize opportunities for higher education,and every student has the effective enjoyment of equal rights of access to education.Meanwhile,it helps banks to expand their business to cultivate potential customers and provide opportunities for profit growth.However,there are some problems and conflicts in the evolution of China's National Student Loan.How to promote the national student loan better is a topic worthy of further study.Therefore,researching national student loan is of great practical significance.Through analysis of the problems of National Student Loans,such as in short supply,loan imbalance,excessive pressure on students to repay,and the issues of high default rates,this paper advances many reasonable proposals for improving China's policies on national student loan through making efforts to increase government loan subsidies,developing preferential repayment policies,strengthening the credit control of college students who apply for loan,etc.for mprovement of national student loan policy,and actively promoting the work of the National Student Loan healthy and orderly development.

Abstract:System is a product of human social practice and then the ethical system exists.Chinese traditional system of ethics in the pre-Qin period showed different context and characteristics of ideas.From the evil nature of humans,Xunzi finally settled in the community,political control and the institutional arrangements.The evil nature of humans was his theory cornerstone of the mechanism design."Righteousness" as the ideology of Xunzi's core values was its propriety,law system design and operation of the ethical value orientation.Xunzi's operating mechanism of the system was about three problems: ritual function of social organization,law of regulation effectiveness of the crowd,and dual control law targets of courtesy and law.Xunzi designed the system operation mechanism,which was based on the evil nature of humans,appealing to justice and the supreme criterion of the system of law and ceremony.It highlighted the double value of ethics and virtue ethics demands.As a Confucian,Xunzi emphasized on virtue ethics and ultimately used justice to integrate the law and ceremony,which showed the system virtue ethics prior to ethics.The idea of attaching importance to system but despising ethics led to the absence of objective system in Chinese history.It produced far-reaching implications on Chinese subsequent social and political thought and ethical concepts.