Abstract:To study the cost structure and economic performances of Penaeus vannamei farming in Shanghai region, about 135 hectares of fanning ponds, which are scattered in Nanhui, Fengxian and Jinshan districts belonging to Shanghai City have been investigated. .By analyzing the data collected, the paper concluded as follows. Firstly, the ratio of input to output is 1:1.3 in the P. vannamei fanning. Secondly, the market profit rate of P. vannamei farming is about 26.1% . Thirdly, the marginal security rate of operation is 68.8. The results show that the overall operation status of P. vannamei fanning is fairly secure. The study of farming cost structure shows that the fixed cost and the variable cost account for 12. 8% and 87. 2% of the total cost respectively. The results indicate that the farmers should pay more attention to the reduction of the variable cost for increasing the P. vannamei farming profits. The sensitivity analysis of the factors, including market price and others, shows that the sensitivity coefficients of the market price, the variable cost, the fixed cost and the output are 4.5,-3.1,-0.23 and 1.43, respectively. The sensitivity coefficients of the above factors show that the benefits of P. vannamei farming is influenced largely by the market price and the variable cost per unit. The author suggests that the total farming scale should be programmed to prevent the failure in the profit increase due to the expanding of fanning ponds. The author thinks it is very important to build a sustainable P. vannamei farming mode with respect to protection of environment and the improvement of profitability. In addition, the scientific methods should be introduced to the farmers whose level of education and operation is low.

Abstract:Systematics is the underlying cornerstone and the oldest discipline of biological science. Due to continuous development of phylogenetic systematics in recent years, incomplete understanding would greatly hinder its further and extensive application. In this paper, we present a detailed introduction of the formulation and development of phylogenetic systematics, and also make a comprehensive comparison of some major approaches to phylogeny. However, the choice of method is still in debate. Therefore, this paper is just devoted to giving Chinese colleagues a relatively complete insight into phylogenetic systematics and encouraging a deeper understanding and application of this theory.

Abstract:在中国大鲵是一种濒危两栖动物,尽管目前对它各种状况的研究尚未清楚,但已被列入国家二级保护动物和CITES的附录Ⅰ中。主要介绍了大鲵的分布状况、栖息环境、繁殖和人工养殖、现状和发展趋势以及其价值方面的内容,并提出了一些保护生物学的建议和措施,例如:建立自然保护区、在群众中人力宣传保护野生动物的重要性、完善法律制度、严禁在大鲵生活区使用化肥和杀虫剂、加强大鲵的生态和人工养殖技术的研究;同时认为人类对其生境的严重破坏和过度的捕杀使其种群分布和数量遭到大幅度下降。因此,让更多的人认识到大鲵生存的概况和对其进行进一步的研究显得尤为的重要。

Abstract:Screening of a cDNA library from Porphyra yezoensis with probe based upon known glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes identified a full-length clone apparently encoding chloroplast glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GapA). Clone GAP4 contains the complete chloroplast-GAPDH cDNA of P. yezoensis, corresponding to a 72 amino-acid transit peptide and a 338 amino-acid mature protein. Multiple alignment of the predicted mature chloroplast-GAPDH subunit at amino-acid level clearly shows that four highly conserved regions in GAPDH are present in our cDNA clone. The GC contents of the entire region of the GapA cDNA (64.2%) were similar to the average GC content (65.2% ) which was obtained by Porphyra EST analysis. The position of red algae in phylogenetic trees inferred from GAPDH sequences was discussed. Sequences of chloroplast- GAPDH cDNA have been deposited in GenBank under accession number AY273819.

Abstract:The gene Pitx2 is thought to be a critical transcriptional factor that mediates left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. To demonstrate whether the metamorphic L/R asymmetry is regulated by the left-specific activity of Pitx2, cDNA of Pitx2 gene was amplified from the total RNA of head tissue of metamorphosing Japanese flounder, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and different expression of Pitx2 was examined in developing flounder larvae by using relative quantitative RT-PCR, which used 18s rRNA as internal standard. Results from cloning and sequencing show that Pitx2 expression also exists in metamorphosis of Japanese flounder. Results from relative quantification show that a role of Pitx2 as a left determinant is probably played in early stage of metamorphosis. However, it remains to be clarified whether the right eye migration is determined by the left-specific activity of Pitx2 and whether the visceral and the metamorphic L/R asymmetries possess the common molecular mechanisms.

Abstract:The genetic distance, similarity and diversity of the parent and the second filial populations of Chinese giant salamanders Andrias davidianus were surveyed by RAPD analysis. The average genetic similarity between the parent and the second filial population was very high, which reached 0.9515. It showed that the second filial population hardly varied compared to the parent population. Relative genetic distances of the parent and the second filial population were 0.0497 and 0.0166, respectively; and the Shannon diversity indexes were 0.237 and 0.078, respectively. There was significant difference between the two populations by t-test (P<0.01). It showed that genetic diversity of the second filial population was lower than that of the parent population, and the breeding management should be enhanced in the future.

Abstract:Sox genes are a family of genes that encode proteins which are characterized by the presence of a HMG-box related to that of the mammalian sex-determining gene SRY. By definition, the DNA binding domain of Sox genes is at least 50% identical to the 79 amino acids HMG-box of the SRY gene. Sox genes are highly conserved throughout evolution, from human to Drosophila . In the present study, using degenerate primers which specially amplify the conservative motif of human SRY gene, the PCR amplification of Sox gene in genomic DNA of the mud crab Scylla serrata was studied. The result showed that only one band was present in the PCR products of Scylla serrata, and the length was 216bp, equal to that of human SRY gene, but no difference between male and female. These may be concluded that Sox genes are highly conservative in phylogenetics. The present paper provides molecular data for the study of sex-determining mechanism of Scylla serrata or other shrimps and crabs, and for the evolution of Sox genes.

Abstract:The traditional determining method (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) to Olaquindox was improved in this thesis, including simplifying extracting steps and changing liquid system. The improved HPLC was used to determine the Olaquindox content in fish muscle tissue and feeds. The results showed that the minimum determination limits of this method is 0.100 mg/kg, the average recovery rates and relative standard deviations were 77.6% -90.1% and 0.495 - 4.920% respectively. This method was simple, rapid, precise, stable and reliable and suitable to determine Olaquindox residues in aquatic products.

Abstract:With the effect of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the patterns of the conservation and exploitation of the fisheries resources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea have undergone a gradually change. In order to keep these resources sustainable, some new measures or systems should be adopted by the coastal countries. This paper firstly analyzed the characteristics of the fisheries resources, their utilization, and the impact of the UNCLOS on their conservation and exploitation. Then in line with the UNCLOS and other related international fishery laws and regulations, this paper discussed the necessity, the possible patterns and the main challenges for the joint conservation and exploitation of the fisheries resources. At last, some proposals were put forward that all the coastal countries should cooperate in the conservation of the fisheries resources on the basis of the agreements on the future exploitation on these fisheries resources and some new measures in fisheries management teams and fisheries management systems should be adopted by Chinese government to establish the image of a responsible country.

Abstract:By the methods of FTP and DEA, the marine fishing capacity in China was studied in quantity. The results showed that: it is better that the input index in the FTP methodology was considered as total power but not as amount of ships in measuring the Chinese marine fishing capacity. The further analyses made it clearer that the great excess of marine fishing capacity in China is the total power of fishing ships. Then, this paper suggested that the 35.2 % amount of ships, 29.8 % gross tonnage and 37.3 % total power should be curtailed in China, so as to the present marine catch equal to that in 1999. In discussion the approach of supplement peak year was proposed. This paper found that the FTP methodology is suitable to market economy and is better as a longitudinal analysis in time arrays, but the DBA approach is applicable to the transverse comparison of fishing capacity in a same time period. The analyses showed also; the capacity, which has been based on the practical catch, is commonly lowly estimated. So the fishing capacity reduced in practice is generally larger than the calculated values.

Abstract:Nowadays, more and more countries focus on reducing excessive fishing capacity in order to conserve and manage the fishery resources, and it is a common tendency of international fishery management. This paper analyses the necessity to enforce the scheme of reducing excessive fishing vessels in China as follows: the marine fisheries resources have been depleted; the fishing capacity is excessive and the fishing areas reduced. Based on the analysis, some suggestions are put forward on how to bring the plan into effect: 1. Adjusting the structure of fishery industry; 2. Enforcing the policy of restricting fishing intensity strictly; 3. Implementing fishing vessels de-commission and buy-back scheme.

Abstract:鸡粪中含有蛋白质、钙、磷等元素,是一种极具开发潜力的蛋白质资源。使鸡粪变成饲料的方法有很多,其中膨化是一种较好的方法,但至今还没有专门的研究。膨化方法不仅基本不改变原料的成分,而且使原料的适口性更好。根据鸡粪的特性,鸡粪专用膨化机采用的是等距、等深、长径比小、压力角大的单头螺杆,加工与热处理工艺简单,造价低。内、外套筒都是整体式的,内套筒表面开有与螺杆旋向相反的螺旋沟槽。设计的模板是单孔的。通过对鸡粪的膨化试验,得出了将鸡粪加工成饲料的膨化工艺参数。在膨化前,鸡粪必须进行脱水和去鸡毛处理。膨化腔内的温度和鸡粪的含水率是影响饲料质量的主要因素,适宜的温度约为150℃,含水率应保持在20％～25％左右。添加的麦麸不影响膨化率,但生产率却随着麦麸的增加而提高。经检测,膨化鸡粪饲料样品无毒,大肠杆菌等有害物质含量符合有关饲料标准的要求。

Abstract:The "in-out" stepwise regression method is adopted to analyze the significance of environmental factors having influence on phosphorus nutrient variation and their influencing weights in the East China Sea. The results showed that the relative importance of environment factors influencing phosphorus nutrient variation in the East China Sea is as follows: silicate > nitrate > temperature > dissolved oxygen > nitrite > pH > salinity > basicity > ammonia salt, with the relative influencing weights being 18.01%, 17.84%, 15.17%, 10.98, 8.43%, 7.9%, 7.63%, 7.53% and 6.52 % respectively. That the influence of silicate on phosphorus nutrient variation is relatively great explained the structural changes of phosphorus nutrient and silicate played a vital role in the evolution of phytoplankton community. It also agreed with the fact that the red tide causative species have been evolving from medium-type (mainly diatom) to mini-type (mainly inoflagellate). Some environment factors such as silicate will, therefore, be taken into account to build the dynamics model of phosphorus nutrient and marine ecological model in the future.

Abstract:花生是资源丰富、价格低廉、营养价值高的植物蛋白资源之一,将益生菌作为食品的功能性成分,应用有疗效的菌株发酵花生乳,研制开发微生态活性植物蛋白饮料。经试验确定,制备花生乳的最佳条件为:花生仁用1％碳酸氢钠溶液浸泡12h,沥干后用水洗至pH 7.0,再加水(1 kg/6 L)研磨、过滤,然后添加0.1％CMC、0.1％黄原胶、0.1％蔗糖酯后均质、灭菌、冷却。采用嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophillus)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)等益生菌单独或混合发酵,测定发酵过程中pH、滴定酸度及活菌数的变化,并对发酵产品进行感官品尝及稳定性试验,以对比选择菌种,确定最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制备微生态发酵花生乳的最佳发酵工艺条件为:花生乳中添加5％蔗糖、1％乳糖、适量的促生长因子,采用混合菌种,37℃发酵至pn 4.0～4.2,成品中活菌数可达10~8cfu/mL,风味也达到最佳;在4～10℃温度下贮存,保质期可达4周。

Abstract:鱼头和鱼内脏为鱼类在加工过程中废弃的主要组织,其中含有丰富的蛋白质和脂肪等有益成分,有必要进行回收利用。双鳍舵鲣鱼的头部和内脏约占其鱼体重量的30％,富含蛋白质(14.4％-22.6％)。为了将这些废弃物中的蛋白质进行回收,分别采用双鳍舵鲣鱼内脏本身含有的内源性蛋白酶(自溶)和四种外源性的商业蛋白酶Papain W-40(E1),Pancidase NP-2(E2),Sumichiimu FP(E3)和Protease M(E4)对废弃物中的蛋白质进行水解(50℃,1～4h),考察自溶和不同酶解方法对蛋白质的回收率以及对回收液氨基酸组成的影响。结果显示,自溶法对废弃物中蛋白质的回收效果最好。当水解温度为50℃,水解时间为2h时,自溶法的蛋白质回收率最高,达到76％;其次为E2酶解法,回收率达到70％;E3酶解法效果最差,回收率为63％。进一步研究表明,自溶回收液(AE)的氨基酸总量也最高,达到11756 mg/100g,而采用E1、E2、E3和E4水解方法得到的酶解回收液(EE1、EE2、EE3和EE4)中氨基酸含量分别仅为10294、10642、8750、10121 mg/100g。感观评定结果表明,自溶回...

Abstract:Effects of different heating methods on the gel-forming ability of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi and soybean protein blended surimi (composite surimi) were studied. The microstructures of various surimi samples were observed under scanning electron microscope. The relation between gel characteristics and its microstructure was also surveyed. The results showed that (1) microwave heating was much faster than conventional waterbath heating in attaining the same gel strength and no appearance of gel collapse in microwave heating method due to its fast temperature rise; (2) under nearly same temperature heated, the strength of simplex surimi gel formed by micro wave-waterbath combined heating exhibited the highest and the lowest by waterbath heating; the strength of composite surimi gel formed by single microwave heating showed the strongest and the least by waterbath heating; (3) the microstructures of gel samples which were heated by microwave to a given temperature showed more uniform, fine and compact structure in micrographs than those heated by waterbath. Also, it was in consistent with the variation of gel strength.

Abstract:The paper analysis the impacts of the production factors on the marine fisheries sustainable development by the scarcity theory of resources. According to the scarcity theory of the resources, shrinking and reducing of fishing ground and marine fishery resources have become the major factor to restrain the sustainable development of Chinese marine fisheries. After years overfishing, the abundance of fish in Chinese inshore waters decreased sharply. However, the investigation shows that fish farming in near shore and off-shore could make a great contribution to sustainable development of marine fisheries. The study also shows that, for increasing productivity of Chinese marine fisheries, the human resource is one of important facts, which obviously influences the productivity of labor force while the fisheries is in a preliminary stage. But the impact from the labor force on economic growth rate will become weaker while the inputs of labor ft rce approach a certain level. Investigation shows that the average surplus capita held by Chinese fishermen is very lower and their investment ability is very weak. The reason causing shortage of surplus-profit is in related to the governmental agriculture policies and consumption pattern of fish farmers. Technological progress in fisheries improved the progress of fishery production. However, a lot of research achievement is still staying in universities and research institutes and does not translate into economic activity of fisheries. The Chinese marine fisheries are facing serious shortage of organization and institutional resources. There were a few examples communities and local self-governed loodies existing in China during 50 's and 60 's. The large and complicated government system connects with decentralized farmer families through village organizations which are neither an administrative unit nor a government institution.

Abstract:China is not only the aquaculture hometown, but also has made and is making great contribution to the world aquaculture industry and fisheries civilization. The article analyzes the international competitiveness of China's aquaculture industry with the quantitative index first, including production potentiality, the price ratio and comparative advantage index. The conclusion is that China' s aquaculture industry has comparative advantage in fish, crustacean and mollusk. Then the article elaborates it in the view of the international trade practice. At last the paper gives some suggestions to improve the competitiveness of China' s aquaculture industry.