摘要
根据2017—2021年在黄海海域捕获的大头鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)样品,进行体长、体质量等生物学测量和胃含物鉴定,并用分类树方法对489个胃含物数据进行分析,探究其食性随季节及体长的变化特性。结果显示:从相对重要性指数百分比来看,2017—2021年大头鳕饵料中脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)及鳀(Engraulis japonicus)相对较高,其次为方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)、虾虎鱼等;食性随季节变化较大,夏秋季节主要捕食脊腹褐虾和鳀,而春冬季食性相对广泛、香农-威纳指数比较高,捕食饵料种类相对较多,这可能与春冬季节大多数渔业种类在黄海越冬场越冬有关;大头鳕食性随体长增长发生变化,幼鱼主要捕食甲壳类动物,成鱼转变到摄食虾虎鱼、方氏云鳚等鱼类,这主要与大头鳕随自身生长,口裂不断变大,游泳能力变强,自身生长所需要的营养物质增多有关;胃含物中发现了其他大头鳕个体,表明其存在同类相食现象。此外与之前研究相比,大头鳕饵料丰富度逐渐下降,太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)在胃中几乎没有出现,鳀的重要性也逐渐降低,而虾虎鱼重要性升高。大头鳕作为黄海海域的机会主义摄食者,其食性随季节、体长的变动情况可为未来研究黄海生态系统食物网结构变化提供重要科学依据。
大头鳕 (Gadus macrocephalus)又名太平洋鳕,属鳕形目(Gadiformes)鳕科(Gadidae)鳕属(Gadus),为冷温性底层鱼类,主要分布于北太平洋,在我国主要分布于黄、渤海,栖息于水深50~80 m的泥沙或软泥底质海区,其鱼群分布与黄海冷水团有
食性研究是渔业管理的一个重要组成部
作为黄海海域的顶级捕食者之一,大头鳕资源量的增长反映了黄海生物群落结构的改变进而反映了大头鳕食性的变化,大头鳕作为机会主义捕食者,其食性变化也能够反过来反映出黄海物种组成的变化。据研
之前已经有学者对黄海大头鳕的食性进行了一些研究。高天翔
本研究的采样地点在靠近我国一侧的黄海海域(36°N~38°N,123°E~125°E),采样位置如
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图1 2017—2021年大头鳕采样区域图
Fig.1 Sampling area map of Pacific cod from 2017 to 2021
时间 Time | 季节 Season | 样品量 Number of samples/尾 | 体长范围 Range of body length/mm |
---|---|---|---|
2017.05 | 春季 | 19 | 228~308 |
2017.08 | 夏季 | 16 | 237~385 |
2017.11 | 秋季 | 144 | 118~775 |
2017.12 | 冬季 | 3 | 730~780 |
2018.01 | 冬季 | 13 | 363~773 |
2018.09 | 秋季 | 8 | 326~379 |
2018.12 | 冬季 | 47 | 135~273 |
2019.03 | 春季 | 51 | 336~764 |
2020.01 | 冬季 | 54 | 210~697 |
2020.11 | 秋季 | 51 | 238~567 |
2021.01 | 冬季 | 49 | 261~613 |
2021.10 | 秋季 | 33 | 247~404 |
合计 方正汇总行Total | 488 | 118~780 |
胃内饵料的贡献程度以及相对重要性由4种传统的食性指标进行量化。出现频率(FO)通过计算胃含物中单个饵料类型出现的胃数与该鱼类所有(非空)胃的百分比,对消耗的饵料类型和种群水平进行判
(1) |
式中:FOi为i饵料的出现频率,%;Si为含有i饵料的胃数;Stotal为非空胃的总胃数。
使用个数组成百分比(PN)确定每种饵料种类的个数重要
(2) |
式中:PNi为i饵料的个数组成百分比,%;Ni为i种饵料出现的个数;Ntotal为饵料生物的总个数。
使用质量组成百分比(PW)测定胃含物中发现的单个饵料分类
(3) |
式中:PWi为i饵料的质量组成百分比,%;Wi为i种饵料成分湿质量,g;Wtotal为饵料生物的总湿质量,g。
使用以上3个指标,计算每个饵料物种的相对重要性指数(Index of relative importance,IRI
(4) |
式中:IIRIi为i饵料的相对重要性指数。
使用IRI这一复合指数可以避免单个指数的个别偏差。同时计算相对重要性指数百分比(PIRI),可以得到不同饵料物种从0~100%的总体排名,饵料种类的PIRI越接近100%,表示其重要性程度越高。PIRI计算如下:
(5) |
% | (6) |
式中:PIRIi为i饵料的相对重要性指数百分比,%;IIRI-total为饵料生物的相对重要性指数之和。
同时,我们计算了不同季节和体长黄海大头鳕食物组成的香农-威纳指数(H'),H'越大说明饵料物种的多样性越
(7) |
式中:Pi为不同饵料的个体数占所有饵料个体数的百分比。
采集2017—2021年黄海大头鳕样本,去除空胃共收集到489个可用胃,鉴定出43种饵料种类(
饵料种类 Prey Species | FO | PN | PW | PIRI |
---|---|---|---|---|
节肢动物Arthropod | 65.2 | 62.8 | 34.1 | 56.2 |
脊腹褐虾Crangon affinis | 45.0 | 25.0 | 8.4 | 40.0 |
鲜明鼓虾Alpheus distinguendus | 9.3 | 13.2 | 8.8 | 5.5 |
寄居蟹Paguridae | 3.5 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.3 |
口虾蛄Oratosquilla oratoria | 3.3 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.3 |
双斑蟳Charybdis bimaculata | 4.4 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
毛虾属Acetes spp. | 1.6 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
大蝼蛄虾Upogebia major | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
隆线强蟹Eucrate crenata | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
枯瘦突眼蟹Oregonia gracilis | 3.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
戴氏赤虾Metapenaeopsis dalei | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | - |
小型毛刺蟹Pilumnus spinulus | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
水虱Sphaeromadae | 0.5 | 0.4 | - | - |
日本海漂水虱Natatolana japonensis | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
细巧仿对虾Parapenaeopsis tenella | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | - |
周氏新对虾Metapenaeus joyneri | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
未知虾Unidentified shrimp | 0.5 | 0.1 | - | - |
鱼类 Fish | 51.3 | 34.7 | 60.8 | 43.6 |
鳀Engraulis japonicus | 29.2 | 13.9 | 25.8 | 30.9 |
方氏云鳚Enedrias fangi | 18.8 | 10.3 | 8.6 | 9.5 |
矛尾虾虎鱼Chaemrichthys stigmatias | 11.3 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 3.7 |
狮子鱼Liparidae | 3.3 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 0.6 |
大头鳕Gadus macrocephalus | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.3 |
日本![]() | 0.5 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 0.1 |
小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
六丝钝尾虾虎鱼Amblychaeturichthys hexanema | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | - |
皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belangerii | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | - |
棘头梅童鱼Collichthys lucidus | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
石鲽Platichthys bicoloratus | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.4 | - |
少鳞![]() | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegelii | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
舒氏冠海龙Corythoichthys schultzi | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
黄鲫Setipinna tenuifilis | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
瓦氏![]() | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
未知鱼Unidentified fish | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - |
软体动物Mollusc | 2.3 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 |
奇异指纹蛤Acila mirabilis | 0.5 | 0.2 | - | - |
短蛸Octopus ocellatus | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | - |
纵肋织纹螺Nassarius variciferus | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
锥螺Turritella terebra | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
长蛸Octopus variabilis | 0.5 | 0.1 | 2.2 | - |
太平洋褶柔鱼Todarodes pacificus | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | - |
甲虫螺Cantharus cecillei | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
其他Others | 3.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | - |
多毛类Polychaeta | 2.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
司氏盖蛇尾Stegophiura sladeni | 0.5 | 0.2 | - | - |
丽花海葵属Urticina spp. | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | - |
注: “-”表示无该种类或小于0.1%。
Notes: “-” indicates no such species or less than 0.1%.
Diet包所内嵌的方法得到大头鳕食物组成剪枝树和协变量重要性排名。基于连续协变量体长和不同季度(交叉验证错误率=0.448 6)的最佳分类树分析显示,大头鳕的食性组成随季节和体长的变化显著。计算季节和体长对大头鳕食性影响的重要性指数结果显示,体长的重要性为1.00,季节的重要性为0.82(
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图2 体长和季节对黄海大头鳕食性影响的重要性指数
Fig.2 Importance index of body length and season on the diet of Pacific cod
整个剪枝树(
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图3 2017—2021年黄海大头鳕食物组成剪枝树
Fig.3 Decision tree for Pacific cod diet composition from 2017 to 2021
用作胃含物分析的样品体长组成情况如
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图4 2017—2021年黄海大头鳕样品体长组成
Fig.4 Body length composition of Pacific cod samples from 2017 to 2021
饵料种类 Prey Species | <240 mm | [240,354) mm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FO | PN | PW | PIRI | FO | PN | PW | PIRI | |
节肢动物Arthropod | 67.0 | 68.4 | 50.4 | 71.1 | 63.6 | 58.3 | 22.6 | 40.9 |
脊腹褐虾 Crangon affinis | 60.8 | 61.0 | 47.4 | 74.7 | 47.5 | 32.7 | 13.2 | 31.5 |
日本鼓虾 Alpheus japonicus | - | - | - | - | 9.1 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.2 |
鲜明鼓虾 Alpheus distinguendus | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | - |
枯瘦突眼蟹 Oregonia gracilis | 4.0 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
寄居蟹 Paguridae | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | - | 8.1 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 0.9 |
毛虾属 Acetes spp. | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.3 | - | 4.0 | 12.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
双斑蟳 Charybdis bimaculata | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | - |
戴氏赤虾 Metapenaeopsis dalei | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - |
小型毛刺蟹 Pilumnus spinulus | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
水虱 Sphaeromadae | 0.6 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
日本海漂水虱 Natatolana japonensis | 0.6 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
口虾蛄 Oratosquilla oratoria | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - |
隆线强蟹 Eucrate crenata | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
细巧仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis tenella | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
大蝼蛄虾 Upogebia major | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
周氏新对虾 Metapenaeus joyneri | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
未知虾 Unidentified shrimp | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.4 | - | - |
鱼类 Fish | 42.6 | 27.2 | 47.9 | 28.6 | 62.6 | 41.4 | 77.3 | 59.1 |
鳀 Engraulis japonicus | 34.1 | 19.2 | 43.6 | 24.2 | 44.4 | 32.3 | 68.2 | 64.5 |
方氏云鳚 Enedrias fangi | 6.3 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
矛尾虾虎鱼 Chaemrichthys stigmatias | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | |||||
狮子鱼 Liparidae | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | - | 7.1 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | - |
棘头梅童鱼 Collichthys lucidus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
日本![]() | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - |
石鲽 Platichthys bicoloratus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
小黄鱼 Larimichthys polyactis | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | - | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
大头鳕 Gadus macrocephalus | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.1 |
赤鼻棱鳀 Thryssa kammalensis | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | - |
少鳞![]() | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
许氏平鲉 Sebastes schlegelii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
舒氏冠海龙 Corythoichthys schultzi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
黄鲫 Setipinna tenuifilis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
六丝钝尾虾虎鱼 Amblychaeturichthys hexanema | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
瓦氏![]() | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
未知鱼 Unidentified fish | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | - | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
软体动物 Mollusc | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
奇异指纹蛤 Acila mirabilis | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
短蛸 Octopus ocellatus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
长蛸 Octopus variabilis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
太平洋褶柔鱼 Todarodes pacificus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
纵肋织纹螺 Nassarius variciferus | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
锥螺 Turritella terebra | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
甲虫螺 Cantharus cecillei | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
其他 Others | 6.3 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | - | - |
司氏盖蛇尾 Stegophiura sladeni | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
丽花海葵属 Urticina spp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
多毛类 Polychaeta | 5.1 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | - | - |
饵料种类 Prey Species | [354,562) mm | ≥562 mm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FO | PN | PW | PIRI | FO | PN | PW | PIRI | |
节肢动物 Arthropod | 64.5 | 60.9 | 37.2 | 47.8 | 65.6 | 64.9 | 32.9 | 47.7 |
脊腹褐虾 Crangon affinis | 34.2 | 18.0 | 6.9 | 22.0 | 23 | 7.8 | 2.2 | 5.6 |
日本鼓虾 Alpheus japonicus | 23.0 | 14.9 | 8.9 | 14.2 | 34.4 | 26.3 | 9.5 | 30.4 |
鲜明鼓虾 Alpheus distinguendus | 11.2 | 18.3 | 12.1 | 8.8 | 27.9 | 21.6 | 10.1 | 21.8 |
枯瘦突眼蟹 Oregonia gracilis | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
寄居蟹 Paguridae | 2.6 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 6.6 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.4 |
毛虾属 Acetes spp. | 0.7 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
双斑蟳 Charybdis bimaculata | 4.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 13.1 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
戴氏赤虾 Metapenaeopsis dalei | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
小型毛刺蟹 Pilumnus spinulus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
水虱 Sphaeromadae | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
日本海漂水虱 Natatolana japonensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
口虾蛄 Oratosquilla oratoria | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 14.8 | 2.0 | 6.4 | 3.1 |
隆线强蟹 Eucrate crenata | 4.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
细巧仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis tenella | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | 3.3 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
大蝼蛄虾 Upogebia major | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
周氏新对虾 Metapenaeus joyneri | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - |
未知虾 Unidentified shrimp | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
鱼类 Fish | 69.7 | 37.6 | 61.5 | 52.2 | 77.0 | 32.9 | 56.2 | 51.0 |
鳀 Engraulis japonicus | 23.0 | 11.9 | 28 | 23.8 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 6.0 | 1.2 |
方氏云鳚 Enedrias fangi | 30.3 | 15.2 | 16.2 | 24.6 | 18.0 | 11.2 | 5.5 | 7.4 |
矛尾虾虎鱼 Chaemrichthys stigmatias | 13.2 | 4.8 | 8.1 | 4.4 | 41.0 | 10.0 | 11.8 | 22.1 |
狮子鱼 Liparidae | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | - | 6.6 | 1.2 | 13.7 | 2.4 |
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii | 2.6 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | - |
棘头梅童鱼 Collichthys lucidus | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
日本![]() | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | 13.1 | 0.6 |
石鲽 Platichthys bicoloratus | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | - |
小黄鱼 Larimichthys polyactis | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | - | 4.9 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.3 |
大头鳕 Gadus macrocephalus | 2.0 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.3 |
赤鼻棱鳀 Thryssa kammalensis | 1.3 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | - |
少鳞![]() | - | - | - | - | 3.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
许氏平鲉 Sebastes schlegelii | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - |
舒氏冠海龙 Corythoichthys schultzi | 0.7 | 0.1 | - | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - |
黄鲫 Setipinna tenuifilis | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
六丝钝尾虾虎鱼 Amblychaeturichthys hexanema | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
瓦氏![]() | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - |
未知鱼 Unidentified fish | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | - |
软体动物 Mollusc | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | - | 13.1 | 2.2 | 10.9 | 1.3 |
奇异指纹蛤 Acila mirabilis | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
短蛸 Octopus ocellatus | - | - | - | - | 8.2 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 0.7 |
长蛸 Octopus variabilis | - | - | - | - | 3.3 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 0.5 |
太平洋褶柔鱼 Todarodes pacificus | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 |
纵肋织纹螺 Nassarius variciferus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
锥螺 Turritella terebra | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
甲虫螺 Cantharus cecillei | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - |
其他 Others | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
司氏盖蛇尾 Stegophiura sladeni | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
丽花海葵属 Urticina spp. | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - |
多毛类 Polychaeta | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - |
注: “-”表示无该种类或小于0.1%。
Notes: “-” indicates no such species or less than 0.1%.
不同季节样品组成情况如
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图5 不同季节黄海大头鳕体长分布
Fig.5 Body length distribution of Pacific cod in different seasons
根据分类树结果,进一步探究大头鳕在夏秋、春冬两个时间段的食物组成。分别在夏秋、春冬获得大头鳕胃含物样品201和287个。夏秋阶段鉴定的饵料生物12种, 均属于节肢动物、鱼类和软体动物。其中主要的节肢动物饵料为脊腹褐虾(PIRI=52.2),其他节肢动物出现频率均较小; 鱼类相对重要性指数百分比最高的为鳀(PIRI=40.8);胃中出现奇异指纹蛤,但出现频率较低。春冬阶段鉴定的饵料生物 43种,主要饵料物种为节肢类动物和鱼类,软体动物和其他类动物出现相对较少。其中主要的节肢动物为脊腹褐虾(PIRI=14.2)、日本鼓虾(PIRI=25.0)、鲜明鼓虾(PIRI=14.3),主要的鱼类饵料为虾虎鱼(PIRI=11.0)、鳀(PIRI=11.2)、方氏云鳚(PIRI=19.3)。夏秋阶段饵料生物的香农-威纳指数(H')为1.791,春冬阶段饵料生物的香农-威纳指数(H')为3.97,说明春冬阶段饵料物种多样性远大于夏秋阶段(
饵料种类 Prey Species | 夏秋 Summer and Autumn | 春冬 Spring and Winter | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FO | PN | PW | PIRI | FO | PN | PW | PIRI | |
节肢动物 Arthropod | 69.7 | 64.3 | 20.7 | 59.2 | 62.7 | 62.3 | 39.9 | 53.3 |
脊腹褐虾 Crangon affinis | 68.7 | 57.1 | 19.0 | 52.2 | 28.6 | 10.2 | 3.8 | 14.2 |
日本鼓虾 Alpheus japonicus | - | - | - | - | 22.3 | 20.6 | 11.2 | 25 |
鲜明鼓虾 Alpheus distinguendus | - | - | - | - | 12.5 | 19.4 | 12.7 | 14.3 |
口虾蛄 Oratosquilla oratoria | - | - | - | - | 4.5 | 1.1 | 4.3 | 0.9 |
寄居蟹 Paguridae | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | - | 4.9 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.6 |
双斑蟳 Charybdis bimaculata | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | - | 5.2 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
隆线强蟹 Eucrate crenata | - | - | - | - | 3.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
大蝼蛄虾 Upogebia major | - | - | - | - | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.3 |
枯瘦突眼蟹 Oregonia gracilis | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | - | 3.5 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
戴氏赤虾 Metapenaeopsis dalei | - | - | - | - | 2.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
细巧仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis tenella | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
毛虾属 Acetes spp. | 2.5 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | - | - |
小型毛刺蟹 Pilumnus spinulus | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - |
水虱 Sphaeromadae | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.6 | - | - |
日本海漂水虱 Natatolana japonensis | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - |
周氏新对虾 Metapenaeus joyneri | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
未知虾 Unidentified shrimp | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.2 | - | - |
鱼类 Fish | 53.7 | 35.6 | 79.2 | 61.7 | 63.4 | 35.1 | 52.7 | 46.3 |
鳀 Engraulis japonicus | 46.3 | 29.4 | 58.8 | 40.8 | 17.4 | 6.7 | 11.4 | 11.2 |
方氏云鳚 Enedrias fangi | 6.0 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 21.3 | 13.6 | 12.1 | 19.3 |
狮子鱼 Liparidae | 4.0 | 1.6 | 14.6 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.3 |
矛尾虾虎鱼 Chaemrichthys stigmatias | - | - | - | - | 16.1 | 7.1 | 11.6 | 9.6 |
大头鳕 Gadus macrocephalus | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2 | - | 3.1 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 0.5 |
日本![]() | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.7 | 7.8 | 0.2 |
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | - | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
小黄鱼 Larimichthys polyactis | 1.0 | 0.5 | 2.1 | - | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
赤鼻棱鳀 Thryssa kammalensis | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
六丝钝尾虾虎鱼 Amblychaeturichthys hexanema | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | - |
棘头梅童鱼 Collichthys lucidus | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - |
石鲽Platichthys bicoloratus | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | - |
少鳞![]() | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
许氏平鲉 Sebastes schlegelii | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - |
舒氏冠海龙 Corythoichthys schultzi | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
黄鲫 Setipinna tenuifilis | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - |
瓦氏![]() | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
未知鱼 Unidentified fish | - | - | - | - | 2.4 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
软体动物 Mollusc | 0.5 | 0.2 | - | - | 3.8 | 1.2 | 6.6 | 0.2 |
长蛸 Octopus variabilis | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0.1 |
短蛸 Octopus ocellatus | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.1 |
奇异指纹蛤 Acila mirabilis | 0.5 | 0.2 | - | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | - |
纵肋织纹螺 Nassarius variciferus | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - |
锥螺 Turritella terebra | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
太平洋褶柔鱼 Todarodes pacificus | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.9 | - |
甲虫螺 Cantharuscecillei | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - |
其他 Others | - | - | - | - | 4.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
多毛类 Polychaeta | - | - | - | - | 3.8 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
司氏盖蛇尾 Stegophiura sladeni | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.2 | - | - |
丽花海葵属 Urticina spp. | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | - |
注: “-”表示无该种类或小于0.1%。
Notes: “-” indicates no such species or less than 0.1%.
本文根据2017—2021年5年黄海大头鳕样品,提供了大头鳕近年来的食性情况,并分析得出黄海大头鳕食性随体长、季节变化明显。胃含物数据分析发现其主要的饵料物种为脊腹褐虾(PIRI=40.0)、方氏云鳚(PIRI=9.5)、鳀(PIRI=30.9)、虾虎鱼(PIRI=3.7)。本实验主要对在36°N~38°N,123°E~125°E之间采集的黄海大头鳕进行食性研究,对比之前学者在相似海域对黄海大头鳕的研究,陈大
黄海大头鳕作为黄海海域的高级捕食者同时属于机会主义者,在食物网中主要捕食接近它的物
在高天翔
分类树结果显示,黄海大头鳕季节差异显著,并将其划分为夏秋和春冬两个阶段,在夏秋季节主要以脊腹褐虾和鳀为食,春冬季节脊腹褐虾和鳀的相对重要性指数百分比降低,主要以日本鼓虾、方氏云鳚、虾虎鱼为食。此外春冬季节饵料的香农-威纳指数较高,这可能与水温、饵料物种的洄游、越冬场所有
不同体长的大头鳕其食性也表现出显著的差异,且体长是影响大头鳕食性最重要的因素。根据之前的研究,大头鳕在2周龄便开始性成熟,3周龄全部性成熟,2周龄大头鳕体长在400 mm左
在247 mm的大头鳕胃含物中,开始发现大头鳕的存在,随着体长的增长,这种同类相食的现象逐渐增多。高天翔
黄海大头鳕是黄海海域最重要的高级捕食者之一。从1982—2021年,大头鳕的食物组成显示出了一定的年代际差异,季节之间也有很大的变化,证实了大头鳕的机会主义行为。它们是活跃的捕食者,在生命早期就出现了同类相食现象,并随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加。黄海大头鳕的食性变化及其饵料的丰度和多样性的相关变化,揭示了利用该物种的食性作为生态系统变化的指示器的潜在用途。
本文对2017—2021年黄海海域大头鳕胃含物数据进行分析,发现其食性存在明显的随季节及体长的变动,且处于目前资源量的大头鳕食性与之前相比差异较大,主要表现为饵料丰富度下降,鳀、太平洋磷虾相对重要性降低,虾虎鱼相对重要性升高;食性随季节变化较大,这主要与饵料物种在黄海海域越冬有关,季节的食性变动体现了黄海海域不同饵料物种的变动;食性随体长增长发生变化,幼鱼主要捕食甲壳类动物,成鱼主要捕食虾虎鱼、方式云鳚等鱼类,成鱼过去主要捕食鳀,现在转变为以虾虎鱼、方氏云鳚为主,这种食性的变化可能会对大头鳕的生长产生影响;且大头鳕存在同类相食现象,可能是幼鱼鳕鱼早期死亡的原因。大头鳕主要饵料的变化同时反映了黄海生态系统食物网结构的改变,值得进一步研究。
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