This paper outlines the principal challenges confronting fisheries resources and their management in the South China Sea through summarizing resource characteristics in each fisheries zone.It is evident that the South China Sea stands as China's most productive sea in terms of fisheries resources. Nevertheless, economically significant species in the northern fisheries zone are currently facing a critical issue of resource over-exploitation. Conversely, there is substantial development potential in the outer sea. In the South China Sea's current fisheries management, the fishing moratorium system has restored major economic species before reopening. Yet, its impact is limited, necessitating additional research and survey data to conclusively assess its effectiveness. Future studies are imperative for a comprehensive evaluation of the moratorium system's ability to sustain fisheries resource rehabilitation.The management and conservation of fishery resources face substantial challenges due to human activities, climate warming, ocean acidification, reliance on outdated stock assessment methods, etc. Achieving sustainable use of fishery resources in the South China Sea is of great significance, and this can be accomplished through developing reasonable measures for the conservation and management of fishery resources, conducting comprehensive resource surveys, and employing appropriate methods for stock assessment.