The acoustic assessment of fishery resources is one of the important research contents in the field of fisheries science, and it has become an important method to estimate the fishery biomass, in which the establishment of acoustic scattering model of fish body is the core technology. In this paper, the acoustic assessment techniques of fishery resources were summarized, and the theoretical basis and applicable range of 10 kinds of acoustic scattering models in the two categories of datum and non-datum were summarized, the application of acoustic scattering model in the study of target intensity of individual fish and fish school was reviewed, and the application of acoustic scattering model in fish species classification and recognition was summarized. It is concluded that in the future research, the method of combining acoustic scattering modeling, theoretical analysis, computer simulation and experimental data verification should be adopted, which can be based on the information of fish schools obtained by broadband fish detection sonar, and a more accurate and perfect acoustic assessment technique should be constructed to provide a reliable research method for reasonable estimation and exploitation of fishery resources.