摘要
为了探究菲律宾海夏季仔稚鱼表层分布及其与环境因子的关系,于2022年夏季在菲律宾海(11°N~19°N、129°E~138°E)设置了50个采样站位,用大型仔稚鱼网(口径1. 3 m,网目0. 5 mm)进行表层水平拖网调查。共采集到仔稚鱼38 159尾,隶属14目21科56种。日间采集优势种为黄鳍金枪鱼和银灰半棱鳀,夜间采集优势种为银灰半棱鳀,昼夜共同优势种为银灰半棱鳀,占采集样本总数的97.05%。各站位仔稚鱼的总平均密度为292.43 ind. /1 000
西太平洋拥有许多环礁、岛群和海
仔稚鱼是海洋浮游生物群落的重要组成部分,在海洋食物网中起着关键作用。目前对于西太平洋渔业资源的研究主要集中在中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业、金枪鱼时空分布及其与环境因子的关
2022年8月15日至9月9日,“淞航”号远洋渔业资源调查船(3 000 t)在菲律宾海(11°N~19°N、129°E~138°E)设置了50个采样站位(

图1 采样站位图
Fig.1 Sampling stations
在Olympus SZX7解剖镜下,挑选出仔稚鱼,参考相关专
仔稚鱼的密度标准化为每1 000 m³海水中仔稚鱼个体数量,根据以下公式计算仔稚鱼密度D(单位为ind./m³):
(1) |
式中:N为每次拖网所采集到的样本数,ind.; S为网口面积,
运用相对重要性指数(Index of relative importance,IRI)计算并分析仔稚鱼的优势
IIRI= N×F× 1 | (2) |
式中:IIRI 为相对重要性指数IRI ;N为某种样本数占样本总数的百分比;F为某种样本的出现频率。定义IRI≥1 000为优势种;100≤IRI<1 000为重要种;10≤IRI<100为常见
菲律宾海夏季的海表面温度(SST)数据、海表面盐度(Sea surface salinity, SSS)数据和溶解氧(Dissolved oxygen, DO)数据为现场CTD(SBE 19plus)仪器的实测数据。本研究利用Ocean Data View 5.6.5软件绘制采样站位图和环境因子表层分布图,应用 ArcMap 10.8.1软件和Adobe Illustrator CC 2023软件绘制仔稚鱼密度分布图,并使用Canoco 5.0软件进行仔稚鱼与环境因子的典型相关分析(Canonical correlation analysis, CCA),其他数据处理通过IBM Statistics SPSS 26软件和Excel 2019软件完成。
菲律宾海夏季各采样站位SST为29.66~30.60 ℃,平均水温30.14 ℃,符合西太平洋暖池的水温特征,不同站位之间SST略有不同;SSS数据显示,菲律宾海夏季SSS均较高,15°N附近海域SSS高于其他海域;其中盐度最高的站位是St.37,为34.65,盐度最低的站位是St. 10,为33.80;根据DO(mmol/

图2 环境因子表层分布图
Fig.2 Surface distribution of environmental factors
本研究共采集到仔稚鱼38 159尾,隶属14目21科56种(科(Echeneidae)各3种,鲹科(Carangidae)2种,其余科均仅为1种。通过IRI值计算分析,菲律宾海夏季日间采集的仔稚鱼优势种为黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和银灰半棱鳀(Encrasicholina punctifer),重要种为大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、蛇鲭(Gempylus serpens)和长鳍虹灯鱼(Bolinichthys longipes);夜间采集的仔稚鱼优势种为银灰半棱鳀,大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼为常见种;昼夜共同优势种为银灰半棱鳀,占采集样本总数的97.05%(
种类 Species | 尾数百分比 Percentage/% | 体长范围 Standard length/mm | 发育阶段 Developmental Stage |
---|---|---|---|
鳗鲡目Anguilliformes | |||
糯鳗科Congridae | |||
白穴美体鳗Ariosoma shiroanago(S1) | + | 102.80~178.91 | Post |
鲱形目Clupeiformes | |||
鳀科Engraulidae | |||
银灰半棱鳀Encrasicholina punctifer(S3) | 97.05 | 3.12~40.90 | Pre~J |
日本鳀Engraulis japonicus(S4) | 0.19 | 2.78~8.02 | Pre~Post |
小鳀属sp. Anchoa sp.(S2) | + | 14.95~15.39 | Post |
鲱科Clupeidae | |||
鲱科sp. Clupeidae sp.(S5) | 0.12 | 2.62~4.78 | Pre、F |
巨口鱼目Stomiiformes | |||
钻光鱼科Gonostomatidae | |||
东方双光鱼Diplophos orientalis(S6) | + | 34.93~42.32 | J |
圆罩鱼属sp. Cyclothone sp.(S7) | 0.01 | 4.47~6.01 | Pre、Post |
仙女鱼目Aulopiformes | |||
仙女鱼科Aulopidae | |||
仙女鱼科sp. Aulopidae sp.(S8) | 0.01 | 3.39~4.40 | Pre |
灯笼鱼目Myctophiformes | |||
新灯笼鱼科Neoscopelidae | |||
小鳍新灯鱼Neoscopelus microchir(S9) | + | 3.91~4.21 | Pre、F |
灯笼鱼科Myctophidae | |||
后光虹灯鱼Bolinichthys distofax(S10) | + | 4.80~6.03 | Post |
长鳍虹灯鱼Bolinichthys longipes(S11) | 0.13 | 2.78~5.59 | Pre~Post |
发光炬灯鱼Lampadena luminosa(S13) | 0.02 | 4.75~5.91 | Pre、F |
尾光炬灯鱼Lampadena urophaos urophaos(S14) | 0.02 | 3.58~4.85 | Pre、F |
埃氏标灯鱼Symbolophorus evermanni(S16) | 0.01 | 20.28~28.53 | J |
壮灯鱼属sp.Hygophum sp.(S12) | + | 4.93 | F |
炬灯鱼属sp. Lampadena sp.(S15) | + | 3.04~4.21 | Pre |
灯笼鱼科sp. Myctophidae sp.(S17) | 0.01 | 3.48~19.23 | Pre~Post |
鼬鳚目Ophidiiformes | |||
鼬鳚科Ophidiidae | |||
尼氏花须鼬鳚Brotulotaenia neilseni(S18) | + | 6.83 | Pre |
钩头鱼目Kurtiformes | |||
天竺鲷科Apogonidae | |||
天竺鲷科sp. Apogonidae sp.(S26) | + | 3.53 | Pre |
颌针鱼目Beloniformes | |||
飞鱼科Exocoetidae | |||
阿氏须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon abei(S19) | 0.03 | 2.87~9.67 | F、Post |
红斑须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon atrisignis(S20) | + | 95.39 | J |
白鳍须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon unicolor(S21) | + | 17.99~23.86 | J |
黑鳍飞![]() | + | 3.95~17.89 | Post |
白鳍飞![]() | 0.03 | 3.81~7.10 | Post |
飞鱼科sp. Exocoetidae sp.(S24) | + | 4.23 | Post |
鲹形目Carangiformes | |||
鲯鳅科Coryphaenidae | |||
棘鲯鳅Coryphaena equiselis(S27) | 0.07 | 2.55~5.01 | Pre、F |
鲯鳅Coryphaena hippurus(S28) | 0.05 | 2.68~5.61 | Pre~Post |
鲯鳅属sp. Coryphaena sp.(S29) | 0.03 | 2.14~4.96 | Pre、F |
鲯鳅科sp. Coryphaenidae sp.(S30) | + | 3.69~3.71 | Pre |
![]() | |||
![]() | + | 5.25 | Post |
虱![]() | + | 8.76~11.34 | Post |
短![]() | + | 23.66 | J |
鲹科Carangidae | |||
凹肩鲹属sp. Selar sp.(S34) | + | 2.13~2.33 | Pre |
鲹科sp. Carangidae sp.(S35) | + | 4.72 | Post |
旗鱼目Istiophoriformes | |||
旗鱼科Istiophoridae | |||
印度枪鱼Istiompax indica(S50) | + | 5.75 | Post |
小吻四鳍旗鱼Tetrapturus angustirostris(S51) | 0.02 | 3.38~11.96 | Pre~Post |
红肉四鳍旗鱼Tetrapturus audax(S52) | + | 5.29 | Post |
旗鱼科sp. Istiophoridae sp.(S53) | + | 2.92~3.11 | Pre、F |
海龙目Syngnathiformes | |||
海龙科Syngnathidae | |||
笔状多环海龙Hippichthys penicillus(S25) | + | 35.71 | J |
鲭形目Scombriformes | |||
蛇鲭科Gempylidae | |||
蛇鲭Gempylus serpens(S37) | 0.15 | 2.55~6.74 | Pre~Post |
无耙蛇鲭Nesiarchus nasutus(S38) | + | 3.55~5.49 | Pre、F |
棘鳞蛇鲭Ruvettus pretiosus(S39) | + | 5.09 | F |
蛇鲭科sp.Gempylidae sp.(S40) | + | 2.55~2.77 | Pre |
鲭科Scombridae | |||
鲣Katsuwonus pelamis(S41) | 0.19 | 2.87~7.48 | Pre~Post |
澳洲鲭Scomber australasicus(S42) | + | 2.07~2.47 | Pre |
长鳍金枪鱼Thunnus alalunga(S43) | 0.01 | 3.64~5.77 | Pre~Post |
黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares(S44) | 0.91 | 2.09~8.61 | Pre~Post |
大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus(S45) | 0.72 | 2.15~7.02 | Pre~Post |
东方金枪鱼Thunnus orientalis(S46) | + | 3.03~5.14 | Pre、F |
青干金枪鱼Thunnus tonggol(S47) | 0.05 | 1.85~7.06 | Pre、Post |
金枪鱼属sp. Thunnus sp.(S48) | 0.02 | 2.35~5.39 | Pre、F |
鲭科sp. Scombridae sp.(S49) | + | 2.42~5.04 | Pre、F |
双鳍鲳科Nomeidae | |||
巴氏方头鲳Cubiceps baxteri(S54) | + | 3.50~4.26 | F、Post |
鲈形目Perciformes | |||
乌鲂科Bramidae | |||
小鳞乌鲂Brama orcini(S36) | + | 5.89 | Post |
鲀形目Tetraodontiformes | |||
拟三棘鲀科Triacanthodidae | |||
拟三棘鲀科sp. Triacanthodidae sp.(S55) | + | 3.21 | Pre |
三棘鲀科Triacanthidae | |||
三棘鲀科sp. Triacanthidae sp.(S56) | + | 3.55~4.11 | F、Post |
注: Pre.前弯曲期;F.弯曲期;Post.后弯曲期;J.稚鱼期;+.尾数百分比<0.01%;括号中为种名简称,用于典型相关分析(CCA)。
Notes: Pre. Pre-flexion; F. Flexion; Post. Post-flexion; J. Juvenile; +. Percentage<0.01%; Species name is abbreviated in parentheses for Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCA).
种类Species | 相对重要性指数IRI | ||
---|---|---|---|
总Total | 昼Day | 夜Night | |
白穴美体鳗Ariosoma shiroanago | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
银灰半棱鳀Encrasicholina punctifer | 6 559.34 | 1 167.34 | 8 711.38 |
日本鳀Engraulis japonicus | 4.53 | 16.76 | 4.75 |
小鳀属Anchoa sp. | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
鲱科Clupeidae sp. | 1.18 | 0.56 | 1.81 |
东方双光鱼Diplophos orientalis | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
圆罩鱼属Cyclothone sp. | 0.04 | 0.08 | |
仙女鱼科Aulopidae sp. | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
小鳍新灯鱼Neoscopelus microchir | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.01 |
后光虹灯鱼Bolinichthys distofax | 0.03 | 3.35 | |
长鳍虹灯鱼Bolinichthys longipes | 2.88 | 164.21 | 0.33 |
发光炬灯鱼Lampadena luminosa | 0.17 | 4.47 | 0.08 |
尾光炬灯鱼Lampadena urophaos urophaos | 0.24 | 5.59 | 0.12 |
埃氏标灯鱼Symbolophorus evermanni | 0.10 | 0.21 | |
壮灯鱼属Hygophum sp. | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
炬灯鱼属Lampadena sp. | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.01 |
灯笼鱼科Myctophidae sp. | 0.08 | 4.47 | 0.01 |
尼氏花须鼬鳚Brotulotaenia neilseni | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
天竺鲷科Apogonidae sp. | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
阿氏须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon abei | 0.46 | 6.70 | 0.36 |
红斑须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon atrisignis | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
白鳍须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon unicolor | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
黑鳍飞![]() | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.04 |
白鳍飞![]() | 0.21 | 0.56 | 0.28 |
飞鱼科Exocoetidae sp. | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
棘鲯鳅Coryphaena equiselis | 1.91 | 67.02 | 0.68 |
鲯鳅Coryphaena hippurus | 0.94 | 25.13 | 0.46 |
鲯鳅属Coryphaena sp. | 0.34 | 18.43 | 0.04 |
鲯鳅科Coryphaenidae sp. | 0.01 | 1.12 | |
![]() | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
虱![]() | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
短![]() | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
凹肩鲹属Selar sp. | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
鲹科Carangidae sp. | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
印度枪鱼Istiompax indica | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
小吻四鳍旗鱼Tetrapturus angustirostri | 0.15 | 15.64 | |
红肉四鳍旗鱼Tetrapturus audax | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
旗鱼科Istiophoridae sp. | 0.05 | 2.23 | 0.01 |
笔状多环海龙Hippichthys penicillus | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
蛇鲭Gempylus serpens | 4.70 | 251.34 | 0.68 |
无耙蛇鲭Nesiarchus nasutus | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.04 |
棘鳞蛇鲭Ruvettus pretiosus | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
蛇鲭科Gempylidae sp. | 0.03 | 3.35 | |
鲣Katsuwonus pelamis | 3.77 | 3.35 | 5.67 |
澳洲鲭Scomber australasicus | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
长鳍金枪鱼Thunnus alalunga | 0.04 | 0.08 | |
黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares | 47.42 | 1 271.78 | 21.74 |
大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus | 37.47 | 983.02 | 17.73 |
东方金枪鱼Thunnus orientalis | 0.05 | 0.09 | |
青干金枪鱼Thunnus tonggol | 0.45 | 2.23 | 0.53 |
金枪鱼属Thunnus sp. | 0.13 | 13.40 | |
鲭科Scombridae sp. | 0.03 | 0.06 | |
巴氏方头鲳Cubiceps baxteri | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
小鳞乌鲂Brama orcini | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
拟三棘鲀科Triacanthodidae sp. | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
三棘鲀科Triacanthidae sp. | 0.02 | 0.04 |

图3 仔稚鱼发育阶段组成
Fig.3 Composition of developmental stages of fish larvae and juveniles
菲律宾海夏季各站位仔稚鱼的平均密度为292.43 ind./1 000

图4 仔稚鱼密度分布图
Fig.4 Density distribution of fish larvae and juveniles
优势种银灰半棱鳀的平均密度为282.04 ind./1 000

图5 优势种密度分布图
Fig.5 Density distribution of dominant species
本研究采集到银灰半棱鳀共37 033尾,体长为3.12~40.90 mm,日间7.00~8.00 mm仔鱼占比最高,为34.75%,夜间6.00~7.00 mm仔鱼占比最高,为24.89%;发育阶段组成昼夜无明显差异,后弯曲期仔鱼数量最多,其次是弯曲期和前弯曲期仔鱼,稚鱼数量最少。日间优势种黄鳍金枪鱼共采集到348尾,体长为2.09~8.61 mm,日间优势体长为3.00~4.00 mm,占38.16%,夜间优势体长为4.00~5.00 mm,占43.97%;发育阶段组成方面,昼夜均是前弯曲期>弯曲期>后弯曲期,其中日间前弯曲期仔鱼数量显著高于弯曲期和后弯曲期仔鱼,占77.29%,夜间前弯曲期和弯曲期仔鱼占比分别为44.68%和39.72%(

图6 优势种发育阶段和体长组成
Fig.6 Developmental stages and body length composition of dominant species
对仔稚鱼密度和3种环境因子(SST、DO、SSS)进行典型相关性分析,将仔稚鱼密度数据进行平方根处理,采用去除趋势对应分析(Detrended correspondence analysis, DCA)进行排序,本研究排序轴长度为5.4,故选择典型相关分析(CCA)。结果显示,环境因子对菲律宾海夏季仔稚鱼分布的影响程度从强到弱依次为SSS、SST、DO,两排序轴特征值分别为0.18、0.03。环境因子相关性分别为0.55、0.29。蒙特卡洛结果显示,第一排序轴不呈现显著差异(F=1.4,P=0.556>0.05);所有排序轴均不呈现显著差异(F=0.6,P=0.812>0.05)。优势种银灰半棱鳀(S3)的分布主要受SSS和DO的影响,且与SSS呈正相关(

图7 仔稚鱼与环境因子的CCA排序图
Fig.7 CCA ordination plots of fish larvae and juveniles and environmental factors
种名参考表1中简称。
Species names refer to abbreviation in Tab.1.
本研究采用大型仔稚鱼网采集到的仔稚鱼总尾数远高于杜志
本研究在菲律宾海15°N附近海域采集到的仔稚鱼数量最多,占总数的85.82%。仔稚鱼密度较高的站位主要分布在15°N附近海域(
海洋环境的变化对鱼类的多样性有着至关重要的影响,鱼类对栖息地的选择深受环境因子的影响,因此塑造出不同的仔稚鱼空间分布格
盐度对鱼类的生长发育有着相当重要的影响,盐度的变化不仅会影响仔稚鱼渗透压的调节、肠道酶的活性、基因的表达,还会影响鱼类的性腺发育、胚胎孵化、呼吸代谢、免疫防御等生理活
DO对水生生物至关重要, 王九江
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