摘要
为研究池塘养殖条件下中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”(通常指在农历六月上市的亚成体雄蟹)适宜的蟹种放养密度,本研究采用雄体蟹种[(20.43 ± 0.11) g]作为研究对象,设置1.5只/
中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)又称河蟹,富含长链多不饱和脂肪酸、氨基酸和磷脂,深受消费者喜爱,是我国淡水经济蟹类的重要品种之
甲壳动物生长发育的具体表现由内部因素和外部因素共同决定。内部因素主要为养殖主体迭代遗传的固有特
本实验于2023年2—7月在江苏金坛区水产技术推广中心指前基地进行。以已有中华绒螯蟹养殖密度的相关研究及“六月黄”业内实际养殖情况调研结果为主要参考依
大规格纯雄蟹种对水草要求较高,栽种伊乐藻后及时观察水草生长情况,适当补用草肥促进其快速生根,植株生长过盛时及时进行梳理,确保水草覆盖池塘面积不低于60%。当池塘水温升高至10 ℃时(2月底)开始投喂河蟹配合饲料(粗蛋白质≤45.0%;粗脂肪≥6.0%;粗灰分≤18.0%;水分≤12.0%),初始投喂量约占塘内实验蟹总质量的2%。每个池塘安放2个食台用以观察中华绒螯蟹当日摄食情况,并据此灵活调整下次投喂量。池塘底部设有微孔增氧设施,阴雨天及时进行曝气增氧。每日观察水体变化情况,定期检测每个实验池塘的水质指标,氨氮(< 0.4 mg/L)、溶氧(> 3 mg/L)、pH(7.0~9.0)、亚硝酸盐(< 0.15 mg/L)等,适时换水以保持实验池塘水质适宜中华绒螯蟹生长。
实验开始后,每月15日依据3个实验组设定的放养密度,利用地笼抓捕的方式分别随机采集30、45和60只个体,将每只个体体表水分擦干后,使用电子天平精确称重(精确到0.01 g),并记录每只实验蟹的体质量,依此计算每月平均体质量、增重率(Weight growth rate, WGR)和特定生长率(Specific growth rate, SGR)。计算公式:
WGR = (Wt - Wt-1) / Wt-1 × 100% | (1) |
SGR = (lnWt - lnWt-1) / D × 100% | (2) |
式中:WGR为增重率, %;SGR为特定生长率, %/d;Wt为第t月采样时实验蟹的平均体质量, g;Wt-1为第t-1月采样时实验蟹的平均体质量, g;D为采样的间隔时间, d。
7月1日,依据3个实验组设定的放养密度,利用地笼抓捕的方式分别随机采集体质量相近的4、6和8只个体。擦净体表水分后,利用电子天平精确称量每只实验蟹的体质量。随后,活体解剖出每只个体全部的肝胰腺并精确称重,用于计算肝胰腺指数(Hepatosomatic index, HSI)。用剪刀和镊子精准刮出每只个体全部的肌肉并精确称重,用于计算出肉率(Meat yield, MY)。总可食率(Total edible yield, TEY)为HSI和MY之和。计算公式:
HSI = WH / W × 100% | (3) |
MY = WM / W × 100% | (4) |
TEY = HSI + MY | (5) |
式中:HSI为肝胰腺指数, %;MY为出肉率, %;TEY为总可食率, %;W为实验蟹的体质量, g;WH为实验蟹的肝胰腺质量, g;WM为实验蟹的肌肉质量, g。
实验于7月5日结束,通过地笼抓捕、干塘后捡拾等方式捕获各实验池塘的“六月黄”。统计各池塘实验蟹成活个体数量、产量及附肢残缺的蟹数量,用以计算每个实验组的最终平均体质量、成活率(Survival rate, SR)、单位面积产量(Yield, Y)和残肢率(Limb loss rate, LLR),并据此计算对应的饲料系数(Feed conversion rate, FCR)。参考王世会
SR = Nf / Ni × 100% | (6) |
Y = Yf / S | (7) |
LLR = Nc / Nf × 100% | (8) |
FCR = Wf / (Wt - W0) | (9) |
式中:SR为成活率, %;Y为产量, g/
经济效益分析中的成本主要包括池塘租金、蟹种、饲料、人工、药品、池塘维护、电费和其他杂费等,各项支出按实际使用量和当地价格计算;收入为商品蟹销售所得,各规格商品蟹的价格参考实验结束时江苏当地的“六月黄”市场平均交易价格(
NP = Ic - In | (10) |
ROI = Pn / In × 100% | (11) |
式中:NP为净利润, 1
单只蟹体质量 Individual body mass/g | ≤74.99 | 75.00~89.99 | 90.00~99.99 | 100.00~109.99 | 110.00~124.99 | 125.00~139.99 | 140.00~149.99 | ≥150 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
价格 Price/(元/kg) | 44 | 54 | 64 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 130 |
养殖实验期间的池塘水体温度变化情况如

图1 实验池塘水体温度变化情况
Fig.1 Temperature variation of water in experimental pond
放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”平均体质量的影响如

图2 放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”平均体质量的影响
Fig.2 Effects of stocking densities on body weight of out-season E. sinensis marketing in lunar June
不同小写字母表示组间显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Different lowercase letters show significant differences (P<0.05).

图3 放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”增重率的影响
Fig.3 Effects of stocking densities on weight gain rate of out-season E. sinensis marketing in lunar June
不同小写字母表示组间显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Different lowercase letters show significant differences (P<0.05).

图4 放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”特定生长率的影响
Fig.4 Effects of stocking densities on specific growth rate of out-season E. sinensis marketing in lunar June
不同小写字母表示组间显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Different lowercase letters show significant differences (P<0.05).
放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”组织系数的影响如

图5 放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”组织系数的影响
Fig.5 Effects of stocking densities on tissue indices of out-season E. sinensis marketing in lunar June
不同小写字母表示组间显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Different lowercase letters show significant differences (P<0.05).
放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”最终养殖效果的影响如
项目 Item | 组别 Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
低密度 Low density | 中密度 Medium density | 高密度 High density | |
最终平均体质量 Final body mass/g |
117.48 ± 1.6 |
110.61 ± 1.7 |
103.36 ± 1.5 |
成活率 Survival rate/% |
72.29 ± 2.1 |
61.10 ± 1.6 |
56.16 ± 2.0 |
产量 Yield/(g/ |
114.20 ± 2.1 |
136.18 ± 4.2 |
155.11 ± 3.7 |
饲料系数 Feed conversion rate |
1.07 ± 0.0 |
1.20 ± 0.0 |
1.29 ± 0.0 |
残肢率 Limb loss rate/% |
1.79 ± 0.9 |
3.21 ± 1.0 |
5.66 ± 0.6 |
未达标蟹比例 Unqualified crab rate/% | 9.81 ± 1.14 | 9.67 ± 1.00 | 10.04 ± 1.18 |
注: 未达标蟹主要为软壳蟹和僵蟹;同行不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Notes: The unqualified crabs are mainly soft-shell crabs and stiff crabs; Different lowercase letters of the same line show significant differences(P<0.05).
放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”育成规格分布的影响如

图6 放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”育成规格分布的影响
Fig.6 Effects of stocking densities on harvest size distribution of out-season E. sinensis marketing in lunar June
不同小写字母表示组间显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Different lowercase letters show significant differences (P<0.05).
2023年江苏不同规格中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”的价格变化情况如

图7 2023年江苏不同规格中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”的价格变化情况
Fig.7 Market price changes of out-season E. sinensis marketing in lunar June with different sizes in Jiangsu in 2023
放养密度对中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”经济效益的影响如
项目 Item | 组别Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
低密度 Low density | 中密度 Medium density | 高密度 High density | |
池塘租赁 Land rental | 11.25 | 11.25 | 11.25 |
蟹种 Crab seed |
12.33 ± 0.0 |
18.30 ± 0.1 |
24.49 ± 0.2 |
饲料 Feed |
9.73 ± 0.0 |
12.31 ± 0.0 |
14.32 ± 0.1 |
人工 Labor | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 |
药品 Drug | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 |
池塘维护 Pond maintenance | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 |
水草 Aquatic plant | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2.25 |
电费 Electric charge | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
其他杂费 Others | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
总成本 Total cost |
56.71 ± 0.0 |
65.26 ± 0.0 |
73.46 ± 0.1 |
总收入 Total return |
113.03 ± 0.7 |
125.37 ± 0.9 |
137.35 ± 0.8 |
净利润 Net profit |
56.32 ± 0.7 |
60.11 ± 1.0 |
63.89 ± 0.8 |
投资回报率 Return on investment |
99.32 ± 1.3 |
92.12 ± 1.6 |
86.98 ± 1.2 |
注: 同行不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P<0.05)。
Notes: Different lowercase letters of the same line show significant differences (P<0.05).
采用12个约529
放养密度是影响中华绒螯蟹生长发育的重要因素。先前研究表
温度也是影响甲壳类生长发育的重要外部环境因
可食组织系数直接决定商品蟹质
成活率和产量是衡量水产作物养殖效果的重要指
本研究中,总成本受“六月黄”各实验组蟹种和饲料影响,总收入仅为“六月黄”销售所得,净利润为总收入和总成本之差。低密度组“六月黄”所需蟹种和消耗的饲料更少,每公顷投入总成本低于高密度组。低密度组在最终育成规格和大规格(≥110 g)分布比例方面有优势,销售单价更
综上,中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”在池塘养殖条件下,低密度养殖模式可以提高整体育成规格、成活率和总可食率,同时降低饲料系数和残肢率;高密度养殖模式尽管成活率和整体规格偏小,但单位面积产量和净利润却最高。“六月黄”养殖模式具有养殖周期短、生产操作简单、投资成本低、收益高等特点。综合考虑,中华绒螯蟹“六月黄”养殖模式下蟹种放养密度以3只/
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