摘要
金乌贼作为我国重要的头足类资源,具有较高的经济价值和营养价值。本文基于2017—2021年当年9月到翌年3月在东海中部(123.0°E~127.5°E,27.5°N~31.5°N)拖网调查采集的金乌贼样本,分析其胴长和体质量组成、性腺发育以及初次性成熟胴长L50。结果显示,金乌贼雌雄个体优势胴长组分别为81~120 mm、81~140 mm;优势体质量组分别为41~280 g、41~200 g。金乌贼性腺发育低的个体生长快于性腺发育高的个体;且雌性生长快于雄性。调查期间,性腺随时间发育,161 mm以上的胴长组中未有Ⅰ期个体被发现。应用逻辑斯蒂方程和多项式胴长体质量模型估算L50
头足类作为典型的短生命周期生物在性未成熟期迅速生长,性腺发育成熟后进行产卵,繁殖后即死亡。性成熟是头足类生命史的重要阶段,对于了解资源生物学特
金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)隶属于头足纲(Cephalopoda)乌贼目(Sepioidea)乌贼科(Sepiidae)乌贼属(Sepia),主要分布于我国黄渤海、东海、南海、俄罗斯远东海域、日本北海道以南海域、朝鲜西南海域及菲律宾群岛海
金乌贼样本来源于拖网渔船“浙岭渔23860号”在东海中部海域(

图1 金乌贼采样站位分布
Fig.1 Sampling stations distribution of S.esculenta for 5 years
a区冬季、春季的性腺成熟群体较多;b区为过渡区域,冬季、春季性成熟群体较多,秋季未成熟群体较多;c区秋季的性腺未成熟群体较多。
There are more gonadal mature population in winter and spring in area a; area b is a transitional area, with more mature population in winter and spring, and more immature population in autumn; there are more immature gonadal populations in autumn in area c.
采样年份/季节 Sample year/Season | 数量Number/尾 | 采集海域 Acquisition sea area | |
---|---|---|---|
雌Fe | 雄Ma | ||
2017.9—2018.3 | 134 | 115 |
123.0°E~127.5°E 27.5°N~31.5°N |
2018.9—2019.3 | 235 | 172 | |
2019.9—2020.3 | 228 | 154 | |
2020.9—2021.3 | 285 | 202 | |
2021.9—2022.3 | 223 | 217 | |
春季Spring | 130 | 94 | |
秋季Autumn | 569 | 431 | |
冬季Winter | 406 | 335 |
随机采集样品经冷冻保存运回实验室,常温条件下进行实验样品解冻,参照《海洋调查规范⁃海洋生物调查》(GB/T12763.6—2007)对解冻后的样品开展生物学性状观测,包括胴长(Mantle length,L)、体质量(Body mass,M)、性别(Fe / Ma)和性腺成熟度。使用皮尺测量样本胴长,精确到0.1 cm;电子秤称量体质量,精确到1 g,观察性腺成熟度并划分为6
使用频度分析
观察性腺发育特征,将金乌贼性腺成熟度划分为0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ共6
以幂函数模型分别对金乌贼样本总体、雌性、雄性和基于两种性成熟判定标准的雌、雄个体建立胴长与体质量关系,通过最小化损失函数进行参数估
(1) |
(2) |
式中为体质量,g;为胴长,cm;为生长条件因子;为异速生长系数;为损失函数;为体质量测量值权重;为体质量测量值,g;为体质量预测值,g。
头足类性腺从发育阶段Ⅱ期开始便存在持续生长现象,以往研
(3) |
(4) |
式中:、为第个胴长组的性成熟比例和相应的胴长组中值;为性成熟比例渐近值;为初次性成熟胴长;为待估计参数。
基于比例残差随胴长分布模式的变化,建立雌、雄个体的多项式胴长体质量关系模
(5) |
(6) |
式中:为体质量,g;为胴长,cm;、分别为前后两段幂函数的生长条件因子;、分别为前后两段幂函数的异速生长系数;为中断因子;为两段胴长体质量关系的转变速率;L50为初次性成熟胴长。
运用Microsoft Excel 软件、SPSS Statistics 25软件和R 4.2.2软件完成制图和统计分析。
共采集到金乌贼样本1 965尾,胴长和体质量分别为41~190 mm和6~674 g,雌雄性比为1.29∶1。金乌贼雌、雄个体优势胴长组分别为81~120 mm、81~140 mm(图

图2 金乌贼胴长与体质量分布图
Fig.2 Distribution of mantle length and body mass of S.esculenta

图3 金乌贼胴长与体质量的箱型图
Fig.3 Box-plot of mantle length and body mass of S.esculenta
金乌贼性腺成熟度分析表明,9—11月以性腺发育Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期个体为主,Ⅲ~Ⅴ期个体主要出现在1—3月,12月为转变期(

图4 金乌贼性腺发育的时间特征
Fig.4 Temporal characteristics of gonadal development in S. esculenta
对每月金乌贼性腺成熟度进行胴长组间分析(

图5 金乌贼性腺发育的胴长特征
Fig.5 Mantle length characteristics of gonadal development of S.esculenta
F检验表明,金乌贼总体胴长-体质量关系在性别间存在极显著性差异(P<0.01),在2018、2020和2021年中,胴长-体质量关系在性别间差异极显著(P<0.01),2017和2019年中不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。本文分别对5年不区分发育阶段的总体、雌、雄个体进行幂函数关系拟合(
样本 Sample | 类型 Types | 参数 Parameter | Z | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | ||||
总体 Total | 不区分性别 | 0.000 4 | 2.739 6 | 0.932 3 | - |
雌性 | 0.000 3 | 2.813 1 | 0.928 6 |
2.3 | |
雄性 | 0.000 5 | 2.671 5 | 0.945 4 | ||
雌性 Female | 0 ~Ⅰ期 | 0.000 5 | 2.685 0 | 0.906 9 |
3.1 |
Ⅱ~Ⅴ期 | 0.000 2 | 2.863 2 | 0.909 9 | ||
雄性 Male | 0 ~Ⅰ期 | 0.000 6 | 2.635 3 | 0.928 6 | 0.11 |
Ⅱ~Ⅴ期 | 0.000 7 | 2.628 4 | 0.931 9 | ||
雌性 Female | 0 ~Ⅱ期 | 0.000 4 | 2.731 9 | 0.920 5 |
3.2 |
Ⅲ~Ⅴ期 | 0.000 2 | 2.928 4 | 0.907 7 | ||
雄性 Male | 0 ~Ⅱ期 | 0.000 6 | 2.632 7 | 0.942 4 |
2.6 |
Ⅲ~Ⅴ期 | 0.000 3 | 2.794 5 | 0.915 7 |
注: “-”表示未进行差异性检验;“**” 表示差异性检验显著,“***” 表示差异性检验极显著。
Notes: “-”indicates that no difference test has been conducted; “**” indicates significant difference in test, “***”indicates extremely significant difference in test.
对两种划分方式下的金乌贼雌、雄个体的胴长体质量关系研究结果见
以性腺发育0~Ⅱ期和Ⅲ~Ⅴ期分别判定为性未成熟和性成熟的标准,基于逻辑斯蒂方程估算雌、雄个体初次性成熟胴长(L50);采用多项式胴长体质量关系模型估算雌、雄个体L50(
估算方法 Estimation method | 雌性Female | 雄性 Male | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
L50/mm | R² | L50/mm | R² | |
逻辑斯蒂方程 Logistic equation | 124.30 | 0.78 | 129.18 | 0.75 |
两段式胴长体质量方程 Two-stage L-M equation | 127.98 | 0.93 | 142.44 | 0.95 |
本研究中金乌贼存在明显的季节性生殖特征。BEASLEY
根据经纬度信息将捕捞海域划分为a、b、c等3个海区(

图6 金乌贼在不同胴长组下三海区中的性腺发育分布直方图
Fig.6 Histogram of gonadal development and distribution of S. esculenta in the three sea areas under different mantle length groups
胴长-体质量频率分布直方图结果表明,雌、雄个体的优势胴长在年间存在差异,这可能是由于渔获物由多个产卵群体组
胴长-体质量关系是分析资源生物生长规律的重要环节,同一物种存在多个生长节
大多研究普遍通过性腺发育等级来划分性成熟阶段,但实际性腺发育等级划分标准尚不统一,同时,不同观察者也存在一定的观测误差,导致所获取的数据因标准不同进而影响性成熟阶段的判别结果,因此这种定性方法带有一定的主观性。基于生长模式的多项式胴长-体质量关系估算L50的测量数据来源为金乌贼胴长、体质量,结果均为定量数据,相对较客观,更符合实际生长模式。HASHIGUTI
本文基于多项式估算的初次性成熟胴长更大,意味着性未成熟发育到性成熟的过程中,性腺发育较生长模式转变发生得更早,即仅从表型特征难以得到性腺是否发育的初步判断;另外,该值也更适于作为捕捞限制的参考。20世纪70年代以来,我国近海由于过度捕捞、产卵场被破坏等导致资源衰退、补充量锐
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