Estimating the potential productivity of aquaculture is of great significance for ensuring food safety, but the traditional fishery statistics cannot reflect the dynamic change of the productivity of China's aquaculture. Based on the two measurement programs of agricultural production capacity, the paper put forward an innovative comprehensive measurement scheme, measuring the achievable capacity of aquaculture by production modes, by provinces and by regions.As shown in the research, the calculation scheme proposed in this paper can be popularized nationwide and applied to the calculation of aquaculture capacity in different provinces, prefectures and counties. Large-scale investigation is an important work in the next step. The achievable capacity of Chinese aquaculture is 73 million tons. The decrease of aquaculture area has brought great negative impact on the productivity of aquaculture, and the increase of yield per unit makes great contribution to the productivity. Guizhou and Yunnan provinces in the southwest, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the northeast have the greatest potential to expand production capacity in the future. Stabilizing the aquaculture area and improving the unit yield level are two ways to improve fishery production capacity. Improving the unit yield level of marine water aquaculture would have a more important role in improving the production capacity of large water aquaculture.