The trade of aquatic products between China and ASEAN countries is becoming increasingly close， and ecological and environmental security is of great significance in the process of building green "Belt and Road". This paper used the DEA-Malmquist Luenberger index method to calculate and decompose the green total factor productivity index of fishery in ASEAN countries from 2001 to 2020， and established a two-way fixed-effect model to empirically analyze its influencing factors and mechanisms. The results show that the average fishery green total factor productivity index of the nine ASEAN countries shows a state of "rise-fall-rise"， and the level of fishery green total factor productivity needs to be improved. Trade volume of aquatic products， the "Belt and Road" Initiative and human capital all have a positive impact on improving the level of green total factor productivity of fishery， and there is a negative correlation between per capita GDP and green total factor productivity of fishery. Among the mechanisms， the "Belt and Road" Initiative has significantly promoted technological progress， technological efficiency and scale efficiency. It is recommended that China and ASEAN countries open up aquatic products trade markets， flexibly use trade policies， improve the quality of economic development， and formulate development plans suitable for their own countries， so as to achieve coordinated development of aquatic products trade between China and ASEAN countries.