In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of large aquatic organisms in Suzhou urban rivers, this study began in May 2020, monitored the large aquatic organism indexes and water quality indexes of 23 sections of the main rivers in Suzhou ancient city area for one year, analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution differences of physical and chemical factors, and discussed the influencing factors related to large aquatic organisms to reflect the restoration degree of Suzhou rivers. The results showed that water temperature, pH, TDS, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, transparency and ammonia nitrogen had significant differences in different months, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus had extremely significant differences in different months. During the study period, a total of 5 species of submerged plants, 10 species of macrobenthic invertebrates and 7 species of fish were detected in the urban rivers of Suzhou. Among them, the Simpson index of submerged plants was the highest and the structure was the most uniform. In each section, the margalef index of canglangting bridge was the highest and the species were the most abundant. There were significant differences in flow rate, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen between groups with and without submerged plants. According to the presence or non-absence of macrobenthic invertebrates, there were very significant differences in velocity, water depth, transparency and dissolved oxygen; According to the presence or non-absence of fish, there was no significant difference in water quality indicators. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) also showed that ammonia nitrogen, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and transparency were the main water quality indicators affecting the distribution of large aquatic organisms in urban rivers.