Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is a large swordfish species with high economic value, which is at the upper end of the food chain. It is important to assess its resources and develop management strategies for sustainable resource use and ecosystem conservation. In this study, we assessed the resource status of Indian Ocean swordfish based on the JABBA (Bayesian biomass assessment) and its extended version JABBA-Select, and compared and analyzed the effects of CPUE data and fishing selectivity on the assessment results. The results showed that when the data could satisfy the JABBA-Select model, the JABBA-Select model performed better than the JABBA model in stock assessment because it considers fishing selectivity and life history information. The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) of the Indian Ocean swordfish resource in 2018 was estimated at 31 700 t, which was higher than the current catch of 30 100 t, with a 98% probability of being in a healthy state. The assessment results were less sensitive to the prior distribution of parameter r, and there was a negative correlation between the posterior distribution of parameter r and K. There was no significant retrospective problem in the proposed model. The projection analysis shows that the resource remains neither overfished nor overfishing until 2028 when the TAC is kept below 36 000 t.