The fishery data of neon flying squid (Ommastrephe bartramii), vertical profile sea water temperature, and thermocline characteristic parameters via Argo temperature profile buoy data from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed, to examine the seasonal variations between the central fishing ground and vertical water temperature structure in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The yield season of neon flying squid was from May to November, with the peak months in August and September, while the fishing areas contered in the region 150°E-160°E and 39°N-45°N, and CPUE exceeded 2 t/(d·V). The relatively low CPUE appeared at the months from May to July, and October to November. The fishing grounds were relatively dispersed before August and after September, with relatively low CPUE. The obvious changes of seasonal temperature appeared at the thermocline of upper and lower boundaries, and 0-50 m and 0-100 m water depth. The difference value of water layers temperature gradually increases from July, with 5.17℃ at ΔT_{0-50 m} and 7.68℃ at ΔT_{0-100 m}. The highest difference value of ΔT_{0-50 m} appeared in September, with a value of 9.89℃, and ΔT_{0-100 m} appeared in September, with a value of 12.64℃ respectively. ΔT_{0-50 m} and ΔT_{0-100 m} began to decline gradually from October to November. In the western region, west of 160°E traditional fishery waters at 20 to 50 m, upper and lower bounds of the thermocline depth corresponding to the water temperature range of 4 to 17℃. At same time, water temperature on the lower thermocline ranged from 3 to 11℃, at depth between 150 and 230 m. The result showed that the higher ΔT_{0-50 m} and ΔT_{0-100 m} were, the higher CPUE was, indicating that neon flying squid resources offered higher density and better catches when the temperature of thermocline decreased greatly. The research on the characteristics of vertical water temperature structure of neon flying squid fishery provides a reference for the prediction of fishery situation and fishery production in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.