Ocean environmental data are urgently needed in the exploitation, management and protection of marine fisheries resources. The large-area, long-time-period and near-real-time ocean environmental data can be collected by using satellite remote sensing and the technology of satellite remote sensing is playing an increasingly important role in the exploitation, management and protection of marine fisheries resources. In this paper, we reviewed the applications of satellite remote sensing data in fishery stock assessment, fishery forecasting, classification and conservation of marine fish habitat, vessel monitoring, fishery safety and fishing gear and methods. Meanwhile, we also discussed the problems of the applications in fisheries and presented prospects for the future development. The review is presented as a reference for scholars to understand the role of satellite remote sensing in the exploitation, management and protection of marine fishery resources.