In this study,a culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of different temperature and light intensity on the growth of four species of microalgae (Golenkinia sp. SHOU-F56, Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F93, Selenastrum sp. SHOU-F119, Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F124), and the biochemical compositions and fatty acids of the microalgae were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal culture temperatures were 29.5, 19.3, 21.5, 24.3 ℃and the optimal light intensity was 35.5, 8.3, 22.5, 19.2 μmol/(m²·s) for Golenkinia sp. SHOU-F56, Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F93, Selenastrum sp. SHOU-F119 and Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F124, respectively.Under the suitable culture conditions, Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F93 cells had the highest contents of pigments (3.26%) and carbohydrates (20.90%), while Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F93 and Selenastrum sp. SHOU-F119 had the highest contents of protein, being 32.64% and 33.91%, respectively and Selenastrum sp. SHOU-F119 had the highest contents of total lipid (23.74%). The dominant fatty acids in the four microalgae were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Based on characteristics of four microalgae cells, these microalgae may have propects for the development and utilization as freshwater bait.