In order to investigate the feeding habits and growth of Triplophysa (Hedinichthys) yarkandensis (Day) in highly saline-alkaline water, this study examined and analyzed 237 T.(H.) yarkandensis (Day), aquatic organisms and water quality based on 3 water areas of the Tarim River Alar, channel and Tainan River from 2012 to 2013 through fish biology, fisheries resources survey and other research methods. Results showed that the T.(H.) yarkandensis (Day) has relatively wider mouth, lower mouth position, and similar characteristics in feeding organs and intestines compared with other Triplophysa; the proportion of length body and length intestinal was 1:1 belonging to omnivore which prefers to feeding on other animal; the aquatic organisms and water qualities are quite different in the 3 water areas, and there is no the sufficient diet for T.(H.) yarkandensis (Day); its food composition simplified and feeding intensity decreased; cannibalism, low survival rate and growing instability of T.(H.) yarkandensis (Day) are founded as well. In conclusion, since its feeding morphology did not change but food composition changed responding to different waters, T.(H.) yarkandensis (Day)'s behavior may change for adjusting to these feeding behaviors for the long term run.