摘要
为探究不同温度(20、25和30 ℃)和不同饵料(虾片、沼虾商品饲料和蛋白核小球藻)对锯齿新米虾(Neocaridina denticulata)生长繁殖的影响,以实验室孵化后7 d的锯齿新米虾仔虾为对象进行为期91 d的养殖试验。结果表明,锯齿新米虾的存活率随温度的升高而降低,20 ℃组的存活率(93.33%±7.20%)显著高于30 ℃组(P<0.05);温度对锯齿新米虾体长、体质量及特定生长率无显著性影响(P>0.05);随着温度升高锯齿新米虾发育显著加快,30、25和20 ℃下初次抱卵时间分别为(39.25±3.20)、(55.00±1.00)和(162.33±1.53) d;但20 ℃锯齿新米虾初次抱卵时的体长、体质量及抱卵量均显著高于25和30 ℃(P<0.05),25与30 ℃组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);3种温度下锯齿新米虾的相对繁殖力无显著性差异(P>0.05)。胚胎孵化时间随温度的升高显著缩短;锯齿新米虾性腺发育的生物学零度为16.57 ℃,有效积温为507.54(℃·d);胚胎发育的生物学零度为6.69 ℃,有效积温为279.98(℃·d)。投喂蛋白核小球藻组锯齿新米虾的生长速度和存活率显著低于投喂其他饵料组(P<0.05),投喂沼虾商品饲料可以显著提高锯齿新米虾的初次抱卵体长、体质量、抱卵量及相对繁殖力(P<0.05)。综上所述,人工养殖锯齿新米虾的适宜温度为25 ℃左右,沼虾商品饲料是锯齿新米虾的适宜饵料。
锯齿新米虾(Neocaridina denticulata)隶属甲壳纲(Crustacea)十足目(Decapoda)匙指虾科(Atyidae)新米虾属(Neocaridina),是一种广泛分布于亚洲淡水水域的小型杂食性虾类。有红、黄、蓝等多种体色,可作观赏
甲壳动物的生长发育及繁殖性能主要受环境和营养两个方面影
试验所用锯齿新米虾亲本采自上海临港地区秋涟河,在实验室玻璃缸(50 cm×30 cm×40 cm)中控温[(25±1) ℃]培养。每天足量饲喂虾片(粗蛋白40%、粗脂肪4%、粗灰分16%、粗纤维3%、水分6%和赖氨酸2%)2次。玻璃缸中放置金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)供其攀附栖息。隔天吸污并换水1次,每次换水量为1/3,直至其抱卵。挑取抱卵日期接近的亲虾进行孵化,获得同一天孵化的仔虾用于本试验。
试验所用虾片和沼虾商品饲料分别来自厦门市海林生物饲料有限公司和扬州市宏大饲料有限公司;蛋白核小球藻为实验室发酵罐高密度培养所得。3种饵料的主要营养组成和脂肪酸组成见
项目 Items | 虾片 Shrimp flake | 沼虾商品饲料 Commercial prawn feed | 蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa |
---|---|---|---|
粗蛋白Crude protein | 48.68±0.23 | 45.69±0.10 | 41.26±0.56 |
粗脂肪Ether extract | 4.07±0.10 | 3.12±0.32 | 15.54±0.20 |
粗灰分Crude ash | 12.89±0.06 | 12.42±0.05 | 6.67±0.03 |
项目 Items | 虾片 Shrimp flake | 沼虾商品饲料 Commercial prawn feed | 蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa |
---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | 1.43±0.07 | 1.36±0.01 | 0.60±0.01 |
C15:0 | 0 | 0.19±0.01 | 0.41±0.01 |
C16:0 | 15.14±0.22 | 15.27±0.22 | 23.42±0.39 |
C17:0 | 0.27±0.05 | 0.25±0.01 | 0.14±0.02 |
C18:0 | 6.06±0.17 | 4.60±0.05 | 2.96±0.20 |
C20:0 | 0.55±0.07 | 0.50±0.01 | 0.34±0.01 |
C24:0 | 0 | 0.23±0.01 | 0 |
SFA | 23.44±0.37 | 22.41±0.20 | 27.87±0.59 |
C16:1 | 3.15±0.51 | 2.07±0.07 | 5.60±0.07 |
C18:1 | 25.38±0.56 | 24.17±0.09 | 9.18±0.06 |
C20:1 | 0.76±0.11 | 2.68±0.05 | 0 |
C22:1 | 0 | 3.09±0.03 | 0 |
C24:1 | 0.29±0.01 | 0.43±0.01 | 0 |
MUFA | 29.58±1.15 | 32.45±0.10 | 14.78±0.08 |
C18:2 | 31.64±1.55 | 34.60±0.12 | 40.49±0.51 |
C18:3 | 4.60±0.13 | 3.81±0.00 | 16.85±0.05 |
C20:4 | 1.11±0.32 | 1.05±0.02 | 0 |
C20:5 | 5.41±0.39 | 2.16±0.01 | 0 |
C22:6 | 4.21±0.12 | 3.53±0.04 | 0 |
PUFA | 46.98±0.88 | 45.15±0.16 | 57.34±0.55 |
将锯齿新米虾初孵幼体转移到12个5 L的塑料盒中,每个塑料盒放30尾幼体,分别转移到20、25及30 ℃的光照培养箱中培养。每个温度组设4个平行,其中1个平行用于过程采样。养殖91 d后测定其生长性能。试验养殖期间控制光周期12 L∶12 D,光照强度800 lx,连续充气。隔天吸污换水1次,换水量为1/3。每天早中晚投喂粉碎后的虾片粉末,试验前两周日投喂量为虾体质量的10%,之后为5%。塑料盒内投放金鱼藻供锯齿新米虾攀附。
每7 d从各试验组的采样平行组随机取10尾锯齿新米虾,测量其体长、体质量,测量完立即放回原处。观察并记录锯齿新米虾雌虾出现抱卵的时间、体长、体质量和抱卵量。一旦发现锯齿新米虾抱卵,将其转移至1 L的塑料烧杯中并置于原培养箱中孵化,记录胚胎发育所需要的时间。
养殖91 d后,停止喂食24 h,测定成活率、体长和体质量,由于20 ℃组91 d后,未见抱卵,继续养殖至抱卵。相关指标的计算如下:
RSG=100%×(lnW1-lnW0)/t | (1) |
RS=N1/N0×100% | (2) |
FR=Ne/We | (3) |
V=1/N | (4) |
C=(VT-VVT)/[n | (5) |
K=(nVT-VT)/[n | (6) |
式中:RSG为特定生长率;W0、W1分别为试验初始和终末体质量,g;t为试验天数,d;RS为存活率;N0为初始个体数;N1为终末个体数;FR为相对繁殖力;Ne为抱卵虾受精卵数量;We为抱卵虾的体质量,g;V为发育速度;N为时间,d;C为生物学零度,℃;T为平均温度,℃;n为试验组数;K为有效积温,℃·d。
粗蛋白测定参照GB 5009.5—2016凯氏定氮法测定;粗脂肪采用Folch 氯仿甲醇法;粗灰分测定参照GB 5009.4—2016马弗炉高温灼烧法;脂肪酸使用5977A 气相色谱质谱联用仪测定。
91 d养殖期间温度对锯齿新米虾的体长、体质量及特定生长率无显著性影响(P>0.05),见

图1 不同温度下锯齿新米虾体长和体质量的累积生长曲线
Fig.1 Accumulated growth curves of body length and mass of Neocaridina denticulata at different temperatures
项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | |
初始体长 Initial body length/mm | 4.62±0.43 | 4.32±0.55 | 4.35±0.22 |
终末体长 Final body length/mm | 16.44±0.85 | 15.96±0.95 | 16.31±0.71 |
初始体质量 Initial body mass/mg | 1.74±0.45 | 1.31±0.61 | 1.59±0.24 |
终末体质量 Final body mass/mg | 70.11±8.93 | 66.43±11.62 | 73.42±9.65 |
特定生长率 Specific growth rate/(%/d) | 4.15±0.25 | 4.30±0.19 | 4.32±0.18 |
存活率 Survival rate/% |
93.33±7.2 |
91.67±10.3 |
71.67±7.9 |
注: 同行数据上标有不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Notes: Different lowercase letters superscripted on peer data indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
随着温度的升高,锯齿新米虾初次抱卵所需时间显著缩短(P<0.05),见
项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
20 ℃ | 25 ℃ | 30 ℃ | |
初次抱卵时间 Initial egg holding time/d |
162.33±1.5 |
55.00±1.0 |
39.25±3.2 |
初次抱卵体长 Initial egg holding body length/mm |
24.13±1.3 |
14.35±0.6 |
13.79±0.1 |
初次抱卵体质量 Initial egg holding body mass/mg |
241.87±50.8 |
53.40±4.9 |
49.90±4.9 |
初次抱卵量 Initial egg number/(粒/尾) |
102.33±22.5 |
21.00±3.4 |
24.00±2.0 |
相对繁殖力 Relative fecundity/(粒/g) | 423.00±16.61 | 391.99±41.30 | 485.01±70.08 |
有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature/(℃·d) | 507.54 | ||
生物学零度 Biological zero point/℃ | 16.57 |
注: 同行数据上标有不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Notes: Different lowercase letters superscripted on peer data indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
在20 ℃条件下,锯齿新米虾的抱卵量高达(102.33±22.50)粒/尾,显著高于25和30 ℃试验组的抱卵量(P<0.05);但3个温度试验组的相对繁殖力差异不显著(P>0.05)。
温度对锯齿新米虾的胚胎孵化时间有显著影响,随着温度的升高,胚胎孵化时间显著缩短(P<0.05),见

图2 不同温度下锯齿新米虾的胚胎孵化时间
Fig.2 Incubation time of Neocaridina denticulata embryos at different temperatures
不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Values with different lowercase letters mean significant difference (P<0.05).
利用有效积温法则对3个温度梯度锯齿新米虾的初次抱卵时间和孵化时间进行测算,得出锯齿新米虾性腺发育的生物学零度为16.57 ℃,有效积温为507.54(℃·d);胚胎发育的生物学零度为6.69 ℃,有效积温为279.98(℃·d)。
饵料对锯齿新米虾生长性能的影响有显著性差异(P<0.05),见

图3 3种饵料组锯齿新米虾体长和体质量的累积生长曲线
Fig.3 Cumulative growth curves of body length and body mass of Neocaridina denticulata in three bait groups
项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
虾片 Shrimp flake | 沼虾商品饲料 Commercial prawn feed | 蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa | |
初始体长 Initial body length/mm | 4.09±0.29 | 4.09±0.29 | 4.22±0.49 |
终末体长 Final body length/mm |
13.11±1.0 |
14.18±1.7 |
11.43±0.4 |
初始体质量 Initial body mass/mg | 1.18±0.29 | 1.18±0.29 | 1.36±0.39 |
终末体质量 Final body mass/mg |
36.42±8.3 |
49.98±18.6 |
24.03±3.4 |
特定生长率 Specific growth rate/(%/d) |
3.74±0.2 |
4.05±0.4 |
3.15±0.1 |
存活率 Survival rate/% |
89.17±8.7 |
91.67±7.9 |
37.50±18.1 |
注: 同行数据上标有不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Notes: Different lowercase letters superscripted on peer data indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
根据
项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
虾片 Shrimp flake | 沼虾商品饲料 Commercial prawn feed | 蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa | |
初次抱卵时间 Initial egg holding time/d | 75.00±13.59 | 62.25±7.09 | - |
初次抱卵体长 Initial egg holding body length/mm |
14.20±0.9 |
16.60±0.9 | - |
初次抱卵体质量 Initial egg holding body mass/mg |
51.00±10.4 |
82.94±14.4 | - |
初次抱卵量 Initial egg number/(粒/尾) |
24.60±8.5 |
41.00±8.7 | - |
相对繁殖力 Relative fecundity/(粒/g) | 474.25±74.08 | 497.68±87.50 | - |
注: 同行数据上标有不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Notes: Different lowercase letters superscripted on peer data indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
在本试验中,蛋白核小球藻组未见抱卵虾;虾片和沼虾商品饲料对锯齿新米虾的孵化时间无显著性影响(P>0.05),见

图4 2种饵料对锯齿新米虾胚胎发育的影响
Fig.4 Effects of the two experimental feed on embryonic development of Neocaridina denticulata
甲壳动物属于变温动物,环境温度会显著影响其代谢水平和生理调节机制。因此,水温的变化对甲壳动物幼体生长发育和存活率有很大影
在本研究中,20 ℃条件下,锯齿新米虾的初次抱卵时间、初次抱卵体长和初次抱卵体质量均显著高于25和30 ℃条件下(P<0.05)。可能是因为在低温条件下,个体需要更长的时间积累足够多的积温才能性腺发育成熟,进入生殖阶
在人工养殖条件下,水生动物对营养的需求主要来源于人工投喂的饵料,饵料的营养组成和含量对水产动物的生长繁殖有着重要影
脂肪是水生生物生长发育过程中所必需的能量物
综上所述,在本试验条件下,从生长发育速度角度,尽管20 ℃组初次抱卵锯齿新米虾的体长、体质量、抱卵量大,但是其发育速度较慢,初次抱卵所需时间更长,综合生长发育速度,人工养殖锯齿新米虾更适宜在25 ℃左右条件下培养,且沼虾商品饲料是一种适合培养锯齿新米虾的饵料。
利益冲突
作者声明本文无利益冲突
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